Enhancing Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Solid Tissue Cancers: The Role of Diet, the Microbiome & Microbiome-Derived Metabolites
Host immunity plays a central role in the regulation of anti-tumour responses during checkpoint inhibitor therapy (CIT). The mechanisms involved in long lasting remission remain unclear. Animal studies have revealed that the microbiome influences the host immune response. This is supported by human...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.624434/full |
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| author | Agnieszka Beata Malczewski Agnieszka Beata Malczewski Agnieszka Beata Malczewski Natkunam Ketheesan Jermaine I. G. Coward Jermaine I. G. Coward Severine Navarro Severine Navarro |
| author_facet | Agnieszka Beata Malczewski Agnieszka Beata Malczewski Agnieszka Beata Malczewski Natkunam Ketheesan Jermaine I. G. Coward Jermaine I. G. Coward Severine Navarro Severine Navarro |
| author_sort | Agnieszka Beata Malczewski |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Host immunity plays a central role in the regulation of anti-tumour responses during checkpoint inhibitor therapy (CIT). The mechanisms involved in long lasting remission remain unclear. Animal studies have revealed that the microbiome influences the host immune response. This is supported by human studies linking a higher microbial richness and diversity with enhanced responses to CIT. This review focuses on the role of diet, the microbiome and the microbiome-derived metabolome in enhancing responses to current CIT in solid tissue cancers. The Western diet has been associated with dysbiosis, inflammation and numerous metabolic disorders. There is preliminary evidence that lifestyle factors including a high fibre diet are associated with improved responses to CIT via a potential effect on the microbiota. The mechanisms through which the microbiota may regulate long-term immunotherapy responses have yet to be determined, although bacterial-metabolites including short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are recognized to have an impact on T cell differentiation, and may affect T effector/regulatory T cell balance. SCFAs were also shown to enhance the memory potential of activated CD8 T cells. Many therapeutic approaches including dietary manipulation and fecal transplantation are currently being explored in order to enhance immunotherapy responses. The microbiome-derived metabolome may be one means through which bacterial metabolic products can be monitored from the start of treatment and could be used to identify patients at risk of poor immunotherapy responses. The current review will discuss recent advances and bring together literature from related fields in nutrition, oncology and immunology to discuss possible means of modulating immunity to improve responses to current CIT. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T21:54:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-af3109b6d8af4dcf942a3e34049cc835 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T21:54:43Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-af3109b6d8af4dcf942a3e34049cc8352022-12-21T20:04:19ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242021-07-011210.3389/fimmu.2021.624434624434Enhancing Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Solid Tissue Cancers: The Role of Diet, the Microbiome & Microbiome-Derived MetabolitesAgnieszka Beata Malczewski0Agnieszka Beata Malczewski1Agnieszka Beata Malczewski2Natkunam Ketheesan3Jermaine I. G. Coward4Jermaine I. G. Coward5Severine Navarro6Severine Navarro7Icon Cancer Centre, Wesley, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaFaculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaScience and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, AustraliaScience and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, AustraliaFaculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaIcon Cancer Centre, South Brisbane, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaDepartment of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaWoolworths Centre for Childhood Nutrition Research, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, South Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaHost immunity plays a central role in the regulation of anti-tumour responses during checkpoint inhibitor therapy (CIT). The mechanisms involved in long lasting remission remain unclear. Animal studies have revealed that the microbiome influences the host immune response. This is supported by human studies linking a higher microbial richness and diversity with enhanced responses to CIT. This review focuses on the role of diet, the microbiome and the microbiome-derived metabolome in enhancing responses to current CIT in solid tissue cancers. The Western diet has been associated with dysbiosis, inflammation and numerous metabolic disorders. There is preliminary evidence that lifestyle factors including a high fibre diet are associated with improved responses to CIT via a potential effect on the microbiota. The mechanisms through which the microbiota may regulate long-term immunotherapy responses have yet to be determined, although bacterial-metabolites including short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are recognized to have an impact on T cell differentiation, and may affect T effector/regulatory T cell balance. SCFAs were also shown to enhance the memory potential of activated CD8 T cells. Many therapeutic approaches including dietary manipulation and fecal transplantation are currently being explored in order to enhance immunotherapy responses. The microbiome-derived metabolome may be one means through which bacterial metabolic products can be monitored from the start of treatment and could be used to identify patients at risk of poor immunotherapy responses. The current review will discuss recent advances and bring together literature from related fields in nutrition, oncology and immunology to discuss possible means of modulating immunity to improve responses to current CIT.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.624434/fullcancer immunotherapymicrobiomemetabolomecheckpoint inhibitor therapyshort chain fatty acids |
| spellingShingle | Agnieszka Beata Malczewski Agnieszka Beata Malczewski Agnieszka Beata Malczewski Natkunam Ketheesan Jermaine I. G. Coward Jermaine I. G. Coward Severine Navarro Severine Navarro Enhancing Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Solid Tissue Cancers: The Role of Diet, the Microbiome & Microbiome-Derived Metabolites Frontiers in Immunology cancer immunotherapy microbiome metabolome checkpoint inhibitor therapy short chain fatty acids |
| title | Enhancing Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Solid Tissue Cancers: The Role of Diet, the Microbiome & Microbiome-Derived Metabolites |
| title_full | Enhancing Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Solid Tissue Cancers: The Role of Diet, the Microbiome & Microbiome-Derived Metabolites |
| title_fullStr | Enhancing Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Solid Tissue Cancers: The Role of Diet, the Microbiome & Microbiome-Derived Metabolites |
| title_full_unstemmed | Enhancing Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Solid Tissue Cancers: The Role of Diet, the Microbiome & Microbiome-Derived Metabolites |
| title_short | Enhancing Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Solid Tissue Cancers: The Role of Diet, the Microbiome & Microbiome-Derived Metabolites |
| title_sort | enhancing checkpoint inhibitor therapy in solid tissue cancers the role of diet the microbiome microbiome derived metabolites |
| topic | cancer immunotherapy microbiome metabolome checkpoint inhibitor therapy short chain fatty acids |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.624434/full |
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