| Summary: | Preterm birth may result from overlapping causes including maternal age, health, previous obstetric history and a variety of social factors. We aimed to identify factors contributing to preterm birth in respect to new social and environmental changes in the reproductive patterns. Our cross-sectional study included 495 mother–infant pairs and was based on maternal self-reporting in an originally developed questionnaire. Neonates were divided into two groups: 72 premature babies (study group) and 423 full-term babies (control group). We analyzed maternal, sociodemographic and economic characteristics, habits, chronic diseases, previous obstetric history and pregnancy complications. For statistical analysis, Pearson’s Chi-squared independence test was used with a statistical significance level of 0.05. Preterm births were more common among mothers living in villages (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and with lower education level (<i>p</i> = 0.01). Premature births were also positively associated with mothers who were running their own businesses (<i>p</i> = 0.031). Mothers with a history of previous miscarriages gave birth at a significantly older age (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The most frequent pregnancy complications were hypothyroidism (41.4%), pregestational and gestational diabetes mellitus (DM; 17.8%) and hypertension (8.1%). Pregestational DM significantly influenced the occurrence of prematurity (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Pregestational DM, being professionally active, a lower education level and living outside cities are important risk factors of prematurity.
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