The Role of Sulfated Materials for Biodiesel Production from Cheap Raw Materials
There is an urgent need to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, yet to date the decarbonization of the transportation industry has been slow and of particular difficulty. While fossil fuel replacements such as biodiesel may aid the transition to a less polluting society, production at the industr...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-02-01
|
| Series: | Catalysts |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/12/2/223 |
| _version_ | 1797481918906761216 |
|---|---|
| author | Brandon Lowe Jabbar Gardy Ali Hassanpour |
| author_facet | Brandon Lowe Jabbar Gardy Ali Hassanpour |
| author_sort | Brandon Lowe |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | There is an urgent need to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, yet to date the decarbonization of the transportation industry has been slow and of particular difficulty. While fossil fuel replacements such as biodiesel may aid the transition to a less polluting society, production at the industrial scales required is currently heavily dependent on chemical catalysis. Conventional two-step homogenous routes require the challenging separation of catalyst from the obtained product; however, heterogenous solid catalysts bring new considerations such as material stability, surface area, porosity, deactivation effects, and reduced reactivities under mild conditions. Nanomaterials present an attractive solution, offering the high reactivity of homogenous catalysts without complex recyclability issues. Slightly less reactive, acidic sulfated nanomaterials may also demonstrate greater stability to feedstock impurity, extending lifetime and improved versatility to a range of starting feeds. There remains, however, much work to be done in demonstrating the full-scale feasibility of such catalysts. This review explores recent developments over time in acidic sulfated nanocatalysis for biodiesel production, with particular focus on metal oxides, magnetic nanoparticles, silica-supported nanomaterials, and acidic carbon nanocatalysts. Included are various summaries of current progress in the literature, as well as recommendations for future research. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:21:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-af492909dee749dfa4581a8ac9c641ba |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4344 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:21:26Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Catalysts |
| spelling | doaj.art-af492909dee749dfa4581a8ac9c641ba2023-11-23T19:13:20ZengMDPI AGCatalysts2073-43442022-02-0112222310.3390/catal12020223The Role of Sulfated Materials for Biodiesel Production from Cheap Raw MaterialsBrandon Lowe0Jabbar Gardy1Ali Hassanpour2School of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UKSchool of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UKSchool of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UKThere is an urgent need to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, yet to date the decarbonization of the transportation industry has been slow and of particular difficulty. While fossil fuel replacements such as biodiesel may aid the transition to a less polluting society, production at the industrial scales required is currently heavily dependent on chemical catalysis. Conventional two-step homogenous routes require the challenging separation of catalyst from the obtained product; however, heterogenous solid catalysts bring new considerations such as material stability, surface area, porosity, deactivation effects, and reduced reactivities under mild conditions. Nanomaterials present an attractive solution, offering the high reactivity of homogenous catalysts without complex recyclability issues. Slightly less reactive, acidic sulfated nanomaterials may also demonstrate greater stability to feedstock impurity, extending lifetime and improved versatility to a range of starting feeds. There remains, however, much work to be done in demonstrating the full-scale feasibility of such catalysts. This review explores recent developments over time in acidic sulfated nanocatalysis for biodiesel production, with particular focus on metal oxides, magnetic nanoparticles, silica-supported nanomaterials, and acidic carbon nanocatalysts. Included are various summaries of current progress in the literature, as well as recommendations for future research.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/12/2/223biodieselmagnetic nanoparticlesulfated nanoparticletransesterificationesterification/transesterificationwaste cooking oil |
| spellingShingle | Brandon Lowe Jabbar Gardy Ali Hassanpour The Role of Sulfated Materials for Biodiesel Production from Cheap Raw Materials Catalysts biodiesel magnetic nanoparticle sulfated nanoparticle transesterification esterification/transesterification waste cooking oil |
| title | The Role of Sulfated Materials for Biodiesel Production from Cheap Raw Materials |
| title_full | The Role of Sulfated Materials for Biodiesel Production from Cheap Raw Materials |
| title_fullStr | The Role of Sulfated Materials for Biodiesel Production from Cheap Raw Materials |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Sulfated Materials for Biodiesel Production from Cheap Raw Materials |
| title_short | The Role of Sulfated Materials for Biodiesel Production from Cheap Raw Materials |
| title_sort | role of sulfated materials for biodiesel production from cheap raw materials |
| topic | biodiesel magnetic nanoparticle sulfated nanoparticle transesterification esterification/transesterification waste cooking oil |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/12/2/223 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT brandonlowe theroleofsulfatedmaterialsforbiodieselproductionfromcheaprawmaterials AT jabbargardy theroleofsulfatedmaterialsforbiodieselproductionfromcheaprawmaterials AT alihassanpour theroleofsulfatedmaterialsforbiodieselproductionfromcheaprawmaterials AT brandonlowe roleofsulfatedmaterialsforbiodieselproductionfromcheaprawmaterials AT jabbargardy roleofsulfatedmaterialsforbiodieselproductionfromcheaprawmaterials AT alihassanpour roleofsulfatedmaterialsforbiodieselproductionfromcheaprawmaterials |