Ontogenesis of Aldehyde Pheromones in Two Synanthropic Bed Bug Species (Heteroptera: Cimicidae)
Bed bugs produce volatile aldehydes that have alarm and aggregation functions. Using two synanthropic bed bug species, <i>Cimex lectularius</i> L. and <i>C. hemipterus</i> (Fabricius), developmental changes were examined for (<i>E</i>)-2-hexenal, 4-oxo-(<i>E...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-11-01
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| Series: | Insects |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/11/11/759 |
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| author | Mark Dery Kyle Arriola Chow-Yang Lee Dong-Hwan Choe |
| author_facet | Mark Dery Kyle Arriola Chow-Yang Lee Dong-Hwan Choe |
| author_sort | Mark Dery |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bed bugs produce volatile aldehydes that have alarm and aggregation functions. Using two synanthropic bed bug species, <i>Cimex lectularius</i> L. and <i>C. hemipterus</i> (Fabricius), developmental changes were examined for (<i>E</i>)-2-hexenal, 4-oxo-(<i>E</i>)-2-hexenal, (<i>E</i>)-2-octenal, and 4-oxo-(<i>E</i>)-2-octenal, the four most abundant aldehydes shared between the two species. Quantitative analyses of the aldehydes in the nymphal exuviae indicated that the aldehydes’ ratio remained similar throughout nymphal development. In general, (<i>E</i>)-2-octenal was most abundant, and (<i>E</i>)-2-hexenal and 4-oxo-(<i>E</i>)-2-octenal were least abundant. The fourth aldehyde, 4-oxo-(<i>E</i>)-2-hexenal, was present in intermediate quantities. The quantities and percent abundances of the aldehydes in nymphal exuviae and the adults were significantly different between <i>C. lectularius</i> and <i>C. hemipterus</i>. The ratio between (<i>E</i>)-2-hexenal and (<i>E</i>)-2-octenal was determined in adult male and female bed bugs of each species. Adult <i>C. hemipterus</i> had a higher proportion of (<i>E</i>)-2-hexenal than <i>C. lectularius</i>, while no sex differences were found. This work provides the first systematic quantification of four aldehydes [(<i>E</i>)-2-hexenal, 4-oxo-(<i>E</i>)-2-hexenal, (<i>E</i>)-2-octenal and 4-oxo-(<i>E</i>)-2-octenal] for all five of the nymphal stages for both <i>C. lectularius</i> and <i>C. hemipterus</i>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:05:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-af509080988f4ce187f01a88b642649e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4450 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:05:22Z |
| publishDate | 2020-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Insects |
| spelling | doaj.art-af509080988f4ce187f01a88b642649e2023-11-20T19:50:39ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502020-11-01111175910.3390/insects11110759Ontogenesis of Aldehyde Pheromones in Two Synanthropic Bed Bug Species (Heteroptera: Cimicidae)Mark Dery0Kyle Arriola1Chow-Yang Lee2Dong-Hwan Choe3Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USADepartment of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USADepartment of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USADepartment of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USABed bugs produce volatile aldehydes that have alarm and aggregation functions. Using two synanthropic bed bug species, <i>Cimex lectularius</i> L. and <i>C. hemipterus</i> (Fabricius), developmental changes were examined for (<i>E</i>)-2-hexenal, 4-oxo-(<i>E</i>)-2-hexenal, (<i>E</i>)-2-octenal, and 4-oxo-(<i>E</i>)-2-octenal, the four most abundant aldehydes shared between the two species. Quantitative analyses of the aldehydes in the nymphal exuviae indicated that the aldehydes’ ratio remained similar throughout nymphal development. In general, (<i>E</i>)-2-octenal was most abundant, and (<i>E</i>)-2-hexenal and 4-oxo-(<i>E</i>)-2-octenal were least abundant. The fourth aldehyde, 4-oxo-(<i>E</i>)-2-hexenal, was present in intermediate quantities. The quantities and percent abundances of the aldehydes in nymphal exuviae and the adults were significantly different between <i>C. lectularius</i> and <i>C. hemipterus</i>. The ratio between (<i>E</i>)-2-hexenal and (<i>E</i>)-2-octenal was determined in adult male and female bed bugs of each species. Adult <i>C. hemipterus</i> had a higher proportion of (<i>E</i>)-2-hexenal than <i>C. lectularius</i>, while no sex differences were found. This work provides the first systematic quantification of four aldehydes [(<i>E</i>)-2-hexenal, 4-oxo-(<i>E</i>)-2-hexenal, (<i>E</i>)-2-octenal and 4-oxo-(<i>E</i>)-2-octenal] for all five of the nymphal stages for both <i>C. lectularius</i> and <i>C. hemipterus</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/11/11/759bed bug<i>Cimex lectularius</i><i>Cimex hemipterus</i>aldehydeontogenesis |
| spellingShingle | Mark Dery Kyle Arriola Chow-Yang Lee Dong-Hwan Choe Ontogenesis of Aldehyde Pheromones in Two Synanthropic Bed Bug Species (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) Insects bed bug <i>Cimex lectularius</i> <i>Cimex hemipterus</i> aldehyde ontogenesis |
| title | Ontogenesis of Aldehyde Pheromones in Two Synanthropic Bed Bug Species (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) |
| title_full | Ontogenesis of Aldehyde Pheromones in Two Synanthropic Bed Bug Species (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) |
| title_fullStr | Ontogenesis of Aldehyde Pheromones in Two Synanthropic Bed Bug Species (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ontogenesis of Aldehyde Pheromones in Two Synanthropic Bed Bug Species (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) |
| title_short | Ontogenesis of Aldehyde Pheromones in Two Synanthropic Bed Bug Species (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) |
| title_sort | ontogenesis of aldehyde pheromones in two synanthropic bed bug species heteroptera cimicidae |
| topic | bed bug <i>Cimex lectularius</i> <i>Cimex hemipterus</i> aldehyde ontogenesis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/11/11/759 |
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