Pinniped electroencephalography: Methodology and findings in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)

This study was designed to identify abnormalities in the electroencephalograms (EEGs) recorded from stranded California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) with suspected domoic acid (DA) toxicosis. Recordings from animals presenting for non-neurological issues were also obtained to better understand...

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Main Authors: D. Colette Williams, Martin Haulena, Sophie Dennison, Lynnette Waugh, Tracey Goldstein, Felicia Nutter, Bill Van Bonn, Vanessa Hoard, Kenneth D. Laxer, Paul S. Buckmaster, Frances M. D. Gulland, Barry Tharp
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-03-01
Series:Frontiers in Veterinary Science
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1040125/full
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author D. Colette Williams
Martin Haulena
Sophie Dennison
Lynnette Waugh
Tracey Goldstein
Felicia Nutter
Bill Van Bonn
Vanessa Hoard
Kenneth D. Laxer
Paul S. Buckmaster
Frances M. D. Gulland
Frances M. D. Gulland
Barry Tharp
author_facet D. Colette Williams
Martin Haulena
Sophie Dennison
Lynnette Waugh
Tracey Goldstein
Felicia Nutter
Bill Van Bonn
Vanessa Hoard
Kenneth D. Laxer
Paul S. Buckmaster
Frances M. D. Gulland
Frances M. D. Gulland
Barry Tharp
author_sort D. Colette Williams
collection DOAJ
description This study was designed to identify abnormalities in the electroencephalograms (EEGs) recorded from stranded California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) with suspected domoic acid (DA) toxicosis. Recordings from animals presenting for non-neurological issues were also obtained to better understand the normal EEG (background activity and transient events) in this species, as, to date, studies have focused on examining natural sleep in pinnipeds. Most animals were sedated for electrode placement and EEG acquisition with some receiving antiepileptic medications or isoflurane during the procedure. A total of 103 recordings were read and scored from 0 (normal) to 3 (severely abnormal). Epileptiform discharges, consisting of spikes, sharp waves, slow waves, and/or spike waves, were present in all EEGs with scores of 1, 2, or 3. The distribution of these events over the scalp varied. While often generalized, others were lateralized over one hemisphere, bifrontal, bioccipital, and/or bitemporal, while some discharges were multifocal. Findings were different between sea lions and occasionally changed within the EEG on a given sea lion. No clinical seizures were observed during the recording but a few sea lions had findings consistent with electroencephalographic seizures. When available, supporting diagnostic results obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or necropsy/histopathology were described, as well as the status of those sea lions that recovered and were released with satellite tags.
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spelling doaj.art-af5eda8baf474c15b02ea8be2d149b3d2023-03-31T06:45:59ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Veterinary Science2297-17692023-03-011010.3389/fvets.2023.10401251040125Pinniped electroencephalography: Methodology and findings in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)D. Colette Williams0Martin Haulena1Sophie Dennison2Lynnette Waugh3Tracey Goldstein4Felicia Nutter5Bill Van Bonn6Vanessa Hoard7Kenneth D. Laxer8Paul S. Buckmaster9Frances M. D. Gulland10Frances M. D. Gulland11Barry Tharp12Vet EDX, Retired Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United StatesThe Vancouver Aquarium, Vancouver, BC, CanadaImaging Solutions, PLLC, Oakton, VA, United StatesUC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, United StatesZoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Brookfield, IL, United StatesDepartment of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United StatesA. Watson Armour III Center for Animal Health and Welfare, Animal Care and Science Division, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL, United StatesDepartment of Neurology, The Pacific Marine Mammal Center, Laguna Beach, CA, United StatesSutter Pacific Medical Foundation, San Francisco, CA, United States0Departments of Comparative Medicine and Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States1The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA, United States2Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States3Emeritus, Department of Neurology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United StatesThis study was designed to identify abnormalities in the electroencephalograms (EEGs) recorded from stranded California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) with suspected domoic acid (DA) toxicosis. Recordings from animals presenting for non-neurological issues were also obtained to better understand the normal EEG (background activity and transient events) in this species, as, to date, studies have focused on examining natural sleep in pinnipeds. Most animals were sedated for electrode placement and EEG acquisition with some receiving antiepileptic medications or isoflurane during the procedure. A total of 103 recordings were read and scored from 0 (normal) to 3 (severely abnormal). Epileptiform discharges, consisting of spikes, sharp waves, slow waves, and/or spike waves, were present in all EEGs with scores of 1, 2, or 3. The distribution of these events over the scalp varied. While often generalized, others were lateralized over one hemisphere, bifrontal, bioccipital, and/or bitemporal, while some discharges were multifocal. Findings were different between sea lions and occasionally changed within the EEG on a given sea lion. No clinical seizures were observed during the recording but a few sea lions had findings consistent with electroencephalographic seizures. When available, supporting diagnostic results obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or necropsy/histopathology were described, as well as the status of those sea lions that recovered and were released with satellite tags.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1040125/fullseizuresepilepsydomoic acid (DA)memoryspatial abilityEEG
spellingShingle D. Colette Williams
Martin Haulena
Sophie Dennison
Lynnette Waugh
Tracey Goldstein
Felicia Nutter
Bill Van Bonn
Vanessa Hoard
Kenneth D. Laxer
Paul S. Buckmaster
Frances M. D. Gulland
Frances M. D. Gulland
Barry Tharp
Pinniped electroencephalography: Methodology and findings in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)
Frontiers in Veterinary Science
seizures
epilepsy
domoic acid (DA)
memory
spatial ability
EEG
title Pinniped electroencephalography: Methodology and findings in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)
title_full Pinniped electroencephalography: Methodology and findings in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)
title_fullStr Pinniped electroencephalography: Methodology and findings in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)
title_full_unstemmed Pinniped electroencephalography: Methodology and findings in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)
title_short Pinniped electroencephalography: Methodology and findings in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)
title_sort pinniped electroencephalography methodology and findings in california sea lions zalophus californianus
topic seizures
epilepsy
domoic acid (DA)
memory
spatial ability
EEG
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1040125/full
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