Surface Modification of Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) to Form a Biocompatible, Stable, and Hydrophilic Substrate for MRI
This study focused on surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to create a biocompatible, stable, and hydrophilic substrate suitable for use as a coating agent to develop a dual-contrast composite material. The CNCs were prepared using acid hydrolysis. Hydrolysis was completed using 64%...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-05-01
|
| Series: | Applied Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/10/6316 |
| _version_ | 1827742133701836800 |
|---|---|
| author | Fathyah Whba Faizal Mohamed Mohd Idzat Idris Mohd Syukri Yahya |
| author_facet | Fathyah Whba Faizal Mohamed Mohd Idzat Idris Mohd Syukri Yahya |
| author_sort | Fathyah Whba |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study focused on surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to create a biocompatible, stable, and hydrophilic substrate suitable for use as a coating agent to develop a dual-contrast composite material. The CNCs were prepared using acid hydrolysis. Hydrolysis was completed using 64% sulfuric acid at 45 °C for 1 h, which was combined with polyethylene glycol and sodium hydroxide (PEG/NaOH). The yield of samples exhibited prominent physicochemical properties. Zeta (ζ) potential analysis showed that the CNCs sample had excellent colloidal stability with a highly negative surface charge. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis confirmed that the CNCs sample had a rod-like morphology. On the other hand, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis showed that the acid hydrolysis process caused a significant reduction in particle size and changed surface morphology. In addition, cellulose nanocrystals with polyethylene glycol and sodium hydroxide (CNCs-PEG/NaOH) have many noteworthy properties such as colloidal stability, small hydrodynamic size, and water dispersibility. Furthermore, the MTT assay test on Hep G2 cells demonstrated good biocompatibility of the CNCs-PEG/NaOH and did not exhibit any cytotoxic effects. Hence, CNCs-PEG/NaOH holds the potential to serve as a dual-contrast agent for MRI techniques and other biomedical applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:57:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-af968b31540c4d00821c8dca343adef8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:57:56Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-af968b31540c4d00821c8dca343adef82023-11-18T00:23:53ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172023-05-011310631610.3390/app13106316Surface Modification of Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) to Form a Biocompatible, Stable, and Hydrophilic Substrate for MRIFathyah Whba0Faizal Mohamed1Mohd Idzat Idris2Mohd Syukri Yahya3Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, MalaysiaDepartment of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, MalaysiaDepartment of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, MalaysiaCollege of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang 43000, MalaysiaThis study focused on surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to create a biocompatible, stable, and hydrophilic substrate suitable for use as a coating agent to develop a dual-contrast composite material. The CNCs were prepared using acid hydrolysis. Hydrolysis was completed using 64% sulfuric acid at 45 °C for 1 h, which was combined with polyethylene glycol and sodium hydroxide (PEG/NaOH). The yield of samples exhibited prominent physicochemical properties. Zeta (ζ) potential analysis showed that the CNCs sample had excellent colloidal stability with a highly negative surface charge. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis confirmed that the CNCs sample had a rod-like morphology. On the other hand, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis showed that the acid hydrolysis process caused a significant reduction in particle size and changed surface morphology. In addition, cellulose nanocrystals with polyethylene glycol and sodium hydroxide (CNCs-PEG/NaOH) have many noteworthy properties such as colloidal stability, small hydrodynamic size, and water dispersibility. Furthermore, the MTT assay test on Hep G2 cells demonstrated good biocompatibility of the CNCs-PEG/NaOH and did not exhibit any cytotoxic effects. Hence, CNCs-PEG/NaOH holds the potential to serve as a dual-contrast agent for MRI techniques and other biomedical applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/10/6316microcrystalline cellulosecellulose nanocrystalsacid hydrolysisparticle sizemagnetic resonance imaging (MRI)MTT assay |
| spellingShingle | Fathyah Whba Faizal Mohamed Mohd Idzat Idris Mohd Syukri Yahya Surface Modification of Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) to Form a Biocompatible, Stable, and Hydrophilic Substrate for MRI Applied Sciences microcrystalline cellulose cellulose nanocrystals acid hydrolysis particle size magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) MTT assay |
| title | Surface Modification of Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) to Form a Biocompatible, Stable, and Hydrophilic Substrate for MRI |
| title_full | Surface Modification of Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) to Form a Biocompatible, Stable, and Hydrophilic Substrate for MRI |
| title_fullStr | Surface Modification of Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) to Form a Biocompatible, Stable, and Hydrophilic Substrate for MRI |
| title_full_unstemmed | Surface Modification of Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) to Form a Biocompatible, Stable, and Hydrophilic Substrate for MRI |
| title_short | Surface Modification of Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) to Form a Biocompatible, Stable, and Hydrophilic Substrate for MRI |
| title_sort | surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals cncs to form a biocompatible stable and hydrophilic substrate for mri |
| topic | microcrystalline cellulose cellulose nanocrystals acid hydrolysis particle size magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) MTT assay |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/10/6316 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT fathyahwhba surfacemodificationofcellulosenanocrystalscncstoformabiocompatiblestableandhydrophilicsubstrateformri AT faizalmohamed surfacemodificationofcellulosenanocrystalscncstoformabiocompatiblestableandhydrophilicsubstrateformri AT mohdidzatidris surfacemodificationofcellulosenanocrystalscncstoformabiocompatiblestableandhydrophilicsubstrateformri AT mohdsyukriyahya surfacemodificationofcellulosenanocrystalscncstoformabiocompatiblestableandhydrophilicsubstrateformri |