Adapting the Pore Size of Individual, 3D-Printed CPC Scaffolds in Maxillofacial Surgery
Three dimensional (3D) printing allows additive manufacturing of patient specific scaffolds with varying pore size and geometry. Such porous scaffolds, made of 3D-printable bone-like calcium phosphate cement (CPC), are suitable for bone augmentation due to their benefit for osteogenesis. Their pores...
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/12/2654 |
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| author | David Muallah Philipp Sembdner Stefan Holtzhausen Heike Meissner André Hutsky Daniel Ellmann Antje Assmann Matthias C. Schulz Günter Lauer Lysann M. Kroschwald |
| author_facet | David Muallah Philipp Sembdner Stefan Holtzhausen Heike Meissner André Hutsky Daniel Ellmann Antje Assmann Matthias C. Schulz Günter Lauer Lysann M. Kroschwald |
| author_sort | David Muallah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Three dimensional (3D) printing allows additive manufacturing of patient specific scaffolds with varying pore size and geometry. Such porous scaffolds, made of 3D-printable bone-like calcium phosphate cement (CPC), are suitable for bone augmentation due to their benefit for osteogenesis. Their pores allow blood-, bone- and stem cells to migrate, colonize and finally integrate into the adjacent tissue. Furthermore, the pore size affects the scaffold’s stability. Since scaffolds in maxillofacial surgery have to withstand high forces within the jaw, adequate mechanical properties are of high clinical importance. Although many studies have investigated CPC for bone augmentation, the ideal porosity for specific indications has not been defined yet. We investigated 3D printed CPC cubes with increasing pore sizes and different printing orientations regarding cell migration and mechanical properties in comparison to commercially available bone substitutes. Furthermore, by investigating clinical cases, the scaffolds’ designs were adapted to resemble the in vivo conditions as accurately as possible. Our findings suggest that the pore size of CPC scaffolds for bone augmentation in maxillofacial surgery necessarily needs to be adapted to the surgical site. Scaffolds for sites that are not exposed to high forces, such as the sinus floor, should be printed with a pore size of 750 µm to benefit from enhanced cell infiltration. In contrast, for areas exposed to high pressures, such as the lateral mandible, scaffolds should be manufactured with a pore size of 490 µm to guarantee adequate cell migration and in order to withstand the high forces during the chewing process. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:21:44Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:21:44Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-afc2e446e3944aaca03fea62e304fed32023-11-22T00:23:55ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832021-06-011012265410.3390/jcm10122654Adapting the Pore Size of Individual, 3D-Printed CPC Scaffolds in Maxillofacial SurgeryDavid Muallah0Philipp Sembdner1Stefan Holtzhausen2Heike Meissner3André Hutsky4Daniel Ellmann5Antje Assmann6Matthias C. Schulz7Günter Lauer8Lysann M. Kroschwald9Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine “Carl Gustav Carus”, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, GermanyDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Machine Elements and Machine Design, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, GermanyDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Machine Elements and Machine Design, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, GermanyDepartment of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital “Carl Gustav Carus”, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, GermanyOrganical CAD/CAM, Ruwersteig 43, 12681 Berlin, GermanyOrganical CAD/CAM, Ruwersteig 43, 12681 Berlin, GermanyZahntechnik Schönberg, Altseidnitz 19, 01277 Dresden, GermanyDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Osianderstraße 2-8, 72076 Tübingen, GermanyDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine “Carl Gustav Carus”, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, GermanyDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine “Carl Gustav Carus”, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, GermanyThree dimensional (3D) printing allows additive manufacturing of patient specific scaffolds with varying pore size and geometry. Such porous scaffolds, made of 3D-printable bone-like calcium phosphate cement (CPC), are suitable for bone augmentation due to their benefit for osteogenesis. Their pores allow blood-, bone- and stem cells to migrate, colonize and finally integrate into the adjacent tissue. Furthermore, the pore size affects the scaffold’s stability. Since scaffolds in maxillofacial surgery have to withstand high forces within the jaw, adequate mechanical properties are of high clinical importance. Although many studies have investigated CPC for bone augmentation, the ideal porosity for specific indications has not been defined yet. We investigated 3D printed CPC cubes with increasing pore sizes and different printing orientations regarding cell migration and mechanical properties in comparison to commercially available bone substitutes. Furthermore, by investigating clinical cases, the scaffolds’ designs were adapted to resemble the in vivo conditions as accurately as possible. Our findings suggest that the pore size of CPC scaffolds for bone augmentation in maxillofacial surgery necessarily needs to be adapted to the surgical site. Scaffolds for sites that are not exposed to high forces, such as the sinus floor, should be printed with a pore size of 750 µm to benefit from enhanced cell infiltration. In contrast, for areas exposed to high pressures, such as the lateral mandible, scaffolds should be manufactured with a pore size of 490 µm to guarantee adequate cell migration and in order to withstand the high forces during the chewing process.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/12/2654calcium phosphate cementpore sizeaugmentationadditive manufacturing |
| spellingShingle | David Muallah Philipp Sembdner Stefan Holtzhausen Heike Meissner André Hutsky Daniel Ellmann Antje Assmann Matthias C. Schulz Günter Lauer Lysann M. Kroschwald Adapting the Pore Size of Individual, 3D-Printed CPC Scaffolds in Maxillofacial Surgery Journal of Clinical Medicine calcium phosphate cement pore size augmentation additive manufacturing |
| title | Adapting the Pore Size of Individual, 3D-Printed CPC Scaffolds in Maxillofacial Surgery |
| title_full | Adapting the Pore Size of Individual, 3D-Printed CPC Scaffolds in Maxillofacial Surgery |
| title_fullStr | Adapting the Pore Size of Individual, 3D-Printed CPC Scaffolds in Maxillofacial Surgery |
| title_full_unstemmed | Adapting the Pore Size of Individual, 3D-Printed CPC Scaffolds in Maxillofacial Surgery |
| title_short | Adapting the Pore Size of Individual, 3D-Printed CPC Scaffolds in Maxillofacial Surgery |
| title_sort | adapting the pore size of individual 3d printed cpc scaffolds in maxillofacial surgery |
| topic | calcium phosphate cement pore size augmentation additive manufacturing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/12/2654 |
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