The Role of Tryptophan Metabolites in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
In recent decades, neuropsychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar, etc., have become a global health concern, causing various detrimental influences on patients. Tryptophan is an important amino acid that plays an indisputable role in several physiological proce...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/17/9968 |
| _version_ | 1797495096287952896 |
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| author | Majid Davidson Niloufar Rashidi Kulmira Nurgali Vasso Apostolopoulos |
| author_facet | Majid Davidson Niloufar Rashidi Kulmira Nurgali Vasso Apostolopoulos |
| author_sort | Majid Davidson |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In recent decades, neuropsychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar, etc., have become a global health concern, causing various detrimental influences on patients. Tryptophan is an important amino acid that plays an indisputable role in several physiological processes, including neuronal function and immunity. Tryptophan’s metabolism process in the human body occurs using different pathways, including the kynurenine and serotonin pathways. Furthermore, other biologically active components, such as serotonin, melatonin, and niacin, are by-products of Tryptophan pathways. Current evidence suggests that a functional imbalance in the synthesis of Tryptophan metabolites causes the appearance of pathophysiologic mechanisms that leads to various neuropsychiatric diseases. This review summarizes the pharmacological influences of tryptophan and its metabolites on the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. In addition, tryptophan and its metabolites quantification following the neurotransmitters precursor are highlighted. Eventually, the efficiency of various biomarkers such as inflammatory, protein, electrophysiological, genetic, and proteomic biomarkers in the diagnosis/treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders was discussed to understand the biomarker application in the detection/treatment of various diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:43:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-afc45cee48194929ba686a916f3e1f92 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:43:33Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-afc45cee48194929ba686a916f3e1f922023-11-23T13:20:25ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-09-012317996810.3390/ijms23179968The Role of Tryptophan Metabolites in Neuropsychiatric DisordersMajid Davidson0Niloufar Rashidi1Kulmira Nurgali2Vasso Apostolopoulos3Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, AustraliaInstitute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, AustraliaInstitute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, AustraliaInstitute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, AustraliaIn recent decades, neuropsychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar, etc., have become a global health concern, causing various detrimental influences on patients. Tryptophan is an important amino acid that plays an indisputable role in several physiological processes, including neuronal function and immunity. Tryptophan’s metabolism process in the human body occurs using different pathways, including the kynurenine and serotonin pathways. Furthermore, other biologically active components, such as serotonin, melatonin, and niacin, are by-products of Tryptophan pathways. Current evidence suggests that a functional imbalance in the synthesis of Tryptophan metabolites causes the appearance of pathophysiologic mechanisms that leads to various neuropsychiatric diseases. This review summarizes the pharmacological influences of tryptophan and its metabolites on the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. In addition, tryptophan and its metabolites quantification following the neurotransmitters precursor are highlighted. Eventually, the efficiency of various biomarkers such as inflammatory, protein, electrophysiological, genetic, and proteomic biomarkers in the diagnosis/treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders was discussed to understand the biomarker application in the detection/treatment of various diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/17/9968tryptophanneuropsychiatric disordersmetabolic pathwayspharmacological influences |
| spellingShingle | Majid Davidson Niloufar Rashidi Kulmira Nurgali Vasso Apostolopoulos The Role of Tryptophan Metabolites in Neuropsychiatric Disorders International Journal of Molecular Sciences tryptophan neuropsychiatric disorders metabolic pathways pharmacological influences |
| title | The Role of Tryptophan Metabolites in Neuropsychiatric Disorders |
| title_full | The Role of Tryptophan Metabolites in Neuropsychiatric Disorders |
| title_fullStr | The Role of Tryptophan Metabolites in Neuropsychiatric Disorders |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Tryptophan Metabolites in Neuropsychiatric Disorders |
| title_short | The Role of Tryptophan Metabolites in Neuropsychiatric Disorders |
| title_sort | role of tryptophan metabolites in neuropsychiatric disorders |
| topic | tryptophan neuropsychiatric disorders metabolic pathways pharmacological influences |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/17/9968 |
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