Effect of 16% Carbamide Peroxide and Activated-Charcoal-Based Whitening Toothpaste on Enamel Surface Roughness in Bovine Teeth: An In Vitro Study
Background: Activated charcoal is a nanocrystalline form of carbon with a large specific surface area and high porosity in the nanometer range, having consequently the capacity to absorb pigments, chromophores, and stains responsible for tooth color change, while carbamide peroxide is unstable and b...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/1/22 |
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| author | Jorge Zamudio-Santiago Marysela Ladera-Castañeda Flor Santander-Rengifo Carlos López-Gurreonero Alberto Cornejo-Pinto Ali Echavarría-Gálvez Luis Cervantes-Ganoza César Cayo-Rojas |
| author_facet | Jorge Zamudio-Santiago Marysela Ladera-Castañeda Flor Santander-Rengifo Carlos López-Gurreonero Alberto Cornejo-Pinto Ali Echavarría-Gálvez Luis Cervantes-Ganoza César Cayo-Rojas |
| author_sort | Jorge Zamudio-Santiago |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Activated charcoal is a nanocrystalline form of carbon with a large specific surface area and high porosity in the nanometer range, having consequently the capacity to absorb pigments, chromophores, and stains responsible for tooth color change, while carbamide peroxide is unstable and breaks down immediately upon contact with tissue and saliva, first dissociating into hydrogen peroxide and urea and subsequently into oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the effect of 16% carbamide peroxide and activated-charcoal-based whitening toothpaste on enamel surface roughness in bovine teeth. Materials and Methods: The present experimental in vitro, longitudinal, and prospective study consisted of 60 teeth randomly distributed in six groups: A: artificial saliva, B: conventional toothpaste (Colgate Maximum Protection), C: whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (Oral-B 3D White Mineral Clear), D: 16% carbamide peroxide (Whiteness Perfect 16%), E: 16% carbamide peroxide plus conventional toothpaste (Whiteness Perfect 16% plus Colgate Maximum Protection), and F: 16% carbamide peroxide plus whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (Whiteness Perfect 16% plus Oral-B 3D White Mineral Clear). Surface roughness was assessed with a digital roughness meter before and after each treatment. For the statistical analysis, Student’s <i>t</i> test for related samples was used, in addition to the ANOVA test for one intergroup factor, considering a significance level of <i>p</i> < 0.05. Results: The surface roughness variation of bovine tooth enamel, before and after application of bleaching agent, was higher in groups of whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (0.200 µm, Confidence Interval (CI): 0.105; 0.296 µm) and 16% carbamide peroxide plus whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (0.201 µm, (CI): 0.092; 0.309 µm). In addition, bovine teeth treated with conventional toothpaste (<i>p</i> = 0.041), whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (<i>p</i> = 0.001), and 16% carbamide peroxide plus whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (<i>p</i> = 0.002) significantly increased their surface roughness values. On the other hand, significant differences were observed when comparing the variation in surface roughness between the application of artificial saliva (control) and the whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (<i>p</i> = 0.031), and the 16% carbamide peroxide plus whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (<i>p</i> = 0.030). Conclusion: The use of whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal and in combination with 16% carbamide peroxide significantly increased enamel surface roughness in bovine teeth. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:31:28Z |
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| id | doaj.art-afd3f76dd9cc408daecb4d56a4705869 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:31:28Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-afd3f76dd9cc408daecb4d56a47058692023-11-30T21:18:17ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592022-12-011112210.3390/biomedicines11010022Effect of 16% Carbamide Peroxide and Activated-Charcoal-Based Whitening Toothpaste on Enamel Surface Roughness in Bovine Teeth: An In Vitro StudyJorge Zamudio-Santiago0Marysela Ladera-Castañeda1Flor Santander-Rengifo2Carlos López-Gurreonero3Alberto Cornejo-Pinto4Ali Echavarría-Gálvez5Luis Cervantes-Ganoza6César Cayo-Rojas7Grupo de Investigación Salud y Bienestar Global, Faculty of Dentistry and Postgraduate School, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15001, PeruGrupo de Investigación Salud y Bienestar Global, Faculty of Dentistry and Postgraduate School, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15001, PeruAcademic Program of Dentistry, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima 15023, PeruSchool of Stomatology, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima 15067, PeruGrupo de Investigación Salud y Bienestar Global, Faculty of Dentistry and Postgraduate School, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15001, PeruSchool of Stomatology, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima 15067, PeruFaculty of Stomatology, Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, Lima 15084, PeruGrupo de Investigación Salud y Bienestar Global, Faculty of Dentistry and Postgraduate School, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15001, PeruBackground: Activated charcoal is a nanocrystalline form of carbon with a large specific surface area and high porosity in the nanometer range, having consequently the capacity to absorb pigments, chromophores, and stains responsible for tooth color change, while carbamide peroxide is unstable and breaks down immediately upon contact with tissue and saliva, first dissociating into hydrogen peroxide and urea and subsequently into oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the effect of 16% carbamide peroxide and activated-charcoal-based whitening toothpaste on enamel surface roughness in bovine teeth. Materials and Methods: The present experimental in vitro, longitudinal, and prospective study consisted of 60 teeth randomly distributed in six groups: A: artificial saliva, B: conventional toothpaste (Colgate Maximum Protection), C: whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (Oral-B 3D White Mineral Clear), D: 16% carbamide peroxide (Whiteness Perfect 16%), E: 16% carbamide peroxide plus conventional toothpaste (Whiteness Perfect 16% plus Colgate Maximum Protection), and F: 16% carbamide peroxide plus whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (Whiteness Perfect 16% plus Oral-B 3D White Mineral Clear). Surface roughness was assessed with a digital roughness meter before and after each treatment. For the statistical analysis, Student’s <i>t</i> test for related samples was used, in addition to the ANOVA test for one intergroup factor, considering a significance level of <i>p</i> < 0.05. Results: The surface roughness variation of bovine tooth enamel, before and after application of bleaching agent, was higher in groups of whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (0.200 µm, Confidence Interval (CI): 0.105; 0.296 µm) and 16% carbamide peroxide plus whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (0.201 µm, (CI): 0.092; 0.309 µm). In addition, bovine teeth treated with conventional toothpaste (<i>p</i> = 0.041), whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (<i>p</i> = 0.001), and 16% carbamide peroxide plus whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (<i>p</i> = 0.002) significantly increased their surface roughness values. On the other hand, significant differences were observed when comparing the variation in surface roughness between the application of artificial saliva (control) and the whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (<i>p</i> = 0.031), and the 16% carbamide peroxide plus whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (<i>p</i> = 0.030). Conclusion: The use of whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal and in combination with 16% carbamide peroxide significantly increased enamel surface roughness in bovine teeth.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/1/22dental bleachingtoothpastecarbamide peroxideactivated charcoalbovine teethin vitro study |
| spellingShingle | Jorge Zamudio-Santiago Marysela Ladera-Castañeda Flor Santander-Rengifo Carlos López-Gurreonero Alberto Cornejo-Pinto Ali Echavarría-Gálvez Luis Cervantes-Ganoza César Cayo-Rojas Effect of 16% Carbamide Peroxide and Activated-Charcoal-Based Whitening Toothpaste on Enamel Surface Roughness in Bovine Teeth: An In Vitro Study Biomedicines dental bleaching toothpaste carbamide peroxide activated charcoal bovine teeth in vitro study |
| title | Effect of 16% Carbamide Peroxide and Activated-Charcoal-Based Whitening Toothpaste on Enamel Surface Roughness in Bovine Teeth: An In Vitro Study |
| title_full | Effect of 16% Carbamide Peroxide and Activated-Charcoal-Based Whitening Toothpaste on Enamel Surface Roughness in Bovine Teeth: An In Vitro Study |
| title_fullStr | Effect of 16% Carbamide Peroxide and Activated-Charcoal-Based Whitening Toothpaste on Enamel Surface Roughness in Bovine Teeth: An In Vitro Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of 16% Carbamide Peroxide and Activated-Charcoal-Based Whitening Toothpaste on Enamel Surface Roughness in Bovine Teeth: An In Vitro Study |
| title_short | Effect of 16% Carbamide Peroxide and Activated-Charcoal-Based Whitening Toothpaste on Enamel Surface Roughness in Bovine Teeth: An In Vitro Study |
| title_sort | effect of 16 carbamide peroxide and activated charcoal based whitening toothpaste on enamel surface roughness in bovine teeth an in vitro study |
| topic | dental bleaching toothpaste carbamide peroxide activated charcoal bovine teeth in vitro study |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/1/22 |
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