Faradaic Impedimetric Immunosensor for Label-Free Point-of-Care Detection of COVID-19 Antibodies Using Gold-Interdigitated Electrode Array
Label-free electrochemical biosensors have many desirable characteristics in terms of miniaturization, scalability, digitization, and other attributes associated with point-of-care (POC) applications. In the era of COVID-19 and pandemic preparedness, further development of such biosensors will be im...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-12-01
|
| Series: | Biosensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/14/1/6 |
| _version_ | 1797344505056198656 |
|---|---|
| author | Lian C. T. Shoute Carmen L. Charlton Jamil N. Kanji Shawn Babiuk Lorne Babiuk Jie Chen |
| author_facet | Lian C. T. Shoute Carmen L. Charlton Jamil N. Kanji Shawn Babiuk Lorne Babiuk Jie Chen |
| author_sort | Lian C. T. Shoute |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Label-free electrochemical biosensors have many desirable characteristics in terms of miniaturization, scalability, digitization, and other attributes associated with point-of-care (POC) applications. In the era of COVID-19 and pandemic preparedness, further development of such biosensors will be immensely beneficial for rapid testing and disease management. Label-free electrochemical biosensors often employ [Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>−3/4</sup> redox probes to detect low-concentration target analytes as they dramatically enhance sensitivity. However, such Faradaic-based sensors are reported to experience baseline signal drift, which compromises the performance of these devices. Here, we describe the use of a mecaptohexanoic (MHA) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) modified Au-interdigitated electrode arrays (IDA) to investigate the origin of the baseline signal drift, developed a protocol to resolve the issue, and presented insights into the underlying mechanism on the working of label-free electrochemical biosensors. Using this protocol, we demonstrate the application of MHA SAM-modified Au-IDA for POC analysis of human serum samples. We describe the use of a label-free electrochemical biosensor based on covalently conjugated SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for POC detection of COVID-19 antibodies. The test requires a short incubation time (10 min), and has a sensitivity of 35.4/decade (35.4%/10 ng mL<sup>−1</sup>) and LOD of 21 ng/mL. Negligible cross reactivity to seasonal human coronavirus or other endogenous antibodies was observed. Our studies also show that Faradaic biosensors are ~17 times more sensitive than non-Faradaic biosensors. We believe the work presented here contributes to the fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanisms of baseline signal drift and will be applicable to future development of electrochemical biosensors for POC applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T11:04:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b02c2a447b9c44ec9b99128ce6cb7c83 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6374 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T11:04:39Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biosensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-b02c2a447b9c44ec9b99128ce6cb7c832024-01-26T15:22:49ZengMDPI AGBiosensors2079-63742023-12-01141610.3390/bios14010006Faradaic Impedimetric Immunosensor for Label-Free Point-of-Care Detection of COVID-19 Antibodies Using Gold-Interdigitated Electrode ArrayLian C. T. Shoute0Carmen L. Charlton1Jamil N. Kanji2Shawn Babiuk3Lorne Babiuk4Jie Chen5Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, CanadaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, CanadaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, CanadaNational Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, CanadaVaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, CanadaDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, CanadaLabel-free electrochemical biosensors have many desirable characteristics in terms of miniaturization, scalability, digitization, and other attributes associated with point-of-care (POC) applications. In the era of COVID-19 and pandemic preparedness, further development of such biosensors will be immensely beneficial for rapid testing and disease management. Label-free electrochemical biosensors often employ [Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>−3/4</sup> redox probes to detect low-concentration target analytes as they dramatically enhance sensitivity. However, such Faradaic-based sensors are reported to experience baseline signal drift, which compromises the performance of these devices. Here, we describe the use of a mecaptohexanoic (MHA) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) modified Au-interdigitated electrode arrays (IDA) to investigate the origin of the baseline signal drift, developed a protocol to resolve the issue, and presented insights into the underlying mechanism on the working of label-free electrochemical biosensors. Using this protocol, we demonstrate the application of MHA SAM-modified Au-IDA for POC analysis of human serum samples. We describe the use of a label-free electrochemical biosensor based on covalently conjugated SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for POC detection of COVID-19 antibodies. The test requires a short incubation time (10 min), and has a sensitivity of 35.4/decade (35.4%/10 ng mL<sup>−1</sup>) and LOD of 21 ng/mL. Negligible cross reactivity to seasonal human coronavirus or other endogenous antibodies was observed. Our studies also show that Faradaic biosensors are ~17 times more sensitive than non-Faradaic biosensors. We believe the work presented here contributes to the fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanisms of baseline signal drift and will be applicable to future development of electrochemical biosensors for POC applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/14/1/6Faradaic detectionpinholesbaseline driftlabel-freeinterdigitated electrode microelectrode arrayCOVID-19 antibody detection |
| spellingShingle | Lian C. T. Shoute Carmen L. Charlton Jamil N. Kanji Shawn Babiuk Lorne Babiuk Jie Chen Faradaic Impedimetric Immunosensor for Label-Free Point-of-Care Detection of COVID-19 Antibodies Using Gold-Interdigitated Electrode Array Biosensors Faradaic detection pinholes baseline drift label-free interdigitated electrode microelectrode array COVID-19 antibody detection |
| title | Faradaic Impedimetric Immunosensor for Label-Free Point-of-Care Detection of COVID-19 Antibodies Using Gold-Interdigitated Electrode Array |
| title_full | Faradaic Impedimetric Immunosensor for Label-Free Point-of-Care Detection of COVID-19 Antibodies Using Gold-Interdigitated Electrode Array |
| title_fullStr | Faradaic Impedimetric Immunosensor for Label-Free Point-of-Care Detection of COVID-19 Antibodies Using Gold-Interdigitated Electrode Array |
| title_full_unstemmed | Faradaic Impedimetric Immunosensor for Label-Free Point-of-Care Detection of COVID-19 Antibodies Using Gold-Interdigitated Electrode Array |
| title_short | Faradaic Impedimetric Immunosensor for Label-Free Point-of-Care Detection of COVID-19 Antibodies Using Gold-Interdigitated Electrode Array |
| title_sort | faradaic impedimetric immunosensor for label free point of care detection of covid 19 antibodies using gold interdigitated electrode array |
| topic | Faradaic detection pinholes baseline drift label-free interdigitated electrode microelectrode array COVID-19 antibody detection |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/14/1/6 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lianctshoute faradaicimpedimetricimmunosensorforlabelfreepointofcaredetectionofcovid19antibodiesusinggoldinterdigitatedelectrodearray AT carmenlcharlton faradaicimpedimetricimmunosensorforlabelfreepointofcaredetectionofcovid19antibodiesusinggoldinterdigitatedelectrodearray AT jamilnkanji faradaicimpedimetricimmunosensorforlabelfreepointofcaredetectionofcovid19antibodiesusinggoldinterdigitatedelectrodearray AT shawnbabiuk faradaicimpedimetricimmunosensorforlabelfreepointofcaredetectionofcovid19antibodiesusinggoldinterdigitatedelectrodearray AT lornebabiuk faradaicimpedimetricimmunosensorforlabelfreepointofcaredetectionofcovid19antibodiesusinggoldinterdigitatedelectrodearray AT jiechen faradaicimpedimetricimmunosensorforlabelfreepointofcaredetectionofcovid19antibodiesusinggoldinterdigitatedelectrodearray |