Carotenoids, Fatty Acids, and Volatile Compounds in Apricot Cultivars from Romania—A Chemometric Approach
Lipophilic constituents are important for the color and aroma of apricots, but also for their health benefits. In the present study, carotenoids, fatty acids, and volatiles were analyzed in 11 apricot cultivars, from which nine were obtained in Romania. High performance liquid chromatography coupled...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2020-06-01
|
| Series: | Antioxidants |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/7/562 |
| _version_ | 1797564032215941120 |
|---|---|
| author | Adela Pintea Francisc Vasile Dulf Andrea Bunea Sonia Ancuța Socaci Elena Andreea Pop Vlăduț-Alexandru Opriță Daniele Giuffrida Francesco Cacciola Giovanni Bartolomeo Luigi Mondello |
| author_facet | Adela Pintea Francisc Vasile Dulf Andrea Bunea Sonia Ancuța Socaci Elena Andreea Pop Vlăduț-Alexandru Opriță Daniele Giuffrida Francesco Cacciola Giovanni Bartolomeo Luigi Mondello |
| author_sort | Adela Pintea |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lipophilic constituents are important for the color and aroma of apricots, but also for their health benefits. In the present study, carotenoids, fatty acids, and volatiles were analyzed in 11 apricot cultivars, from which nine were obtained in Romania. High performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-APCI-MS methodology applied on unsaponified carotenoid extracts allowed the identification and quantification of 19 compounds. The predominant carotenoids in all cultivars were all<i>-trans</i>-β-carotene and its <i>cis</i> isomers. Lutein was present exclusively in non-esterified form, while β-cryptoxanthin was predominantly esterified, mainly with oleic, palmitic, lauric, and stearic acid. Moreover, β-cryptoxanthin linoleate, linolenate, and stearate were detected for the first time in Harogem cultivar. Variation in carotenoid content and composition was observed, with the highest carotenoid content being recorded in Tudor, Harogem, and Mamaia cultivars. The predominant fatty acids determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were linoleic (up to 47%), palmitic (up to 32.7%), and linolenic (up to 17.16%), with small variations among cultivars. In-tube extraction technique (ITEX)/GC-MS was applied for profiling the volatiles in apricot fruits and 120 compounds were identified, with terpenoids and esters as the most abundant classes. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the carotenoids and the fatty acids profile can be used for variety authentication and discrimination in apricots. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:51:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b036fc6dd6b84e01a1c97869bf8f51ab |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:51:39Z |
| publishDate | 2020-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-b036fc6dd6b84e01a1c97869bf8f51ab2023-11-20T05:07:20ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212020-06-019756210.3390/antiox9070562Carotenoids, Fatty Acids, and Volatile Compounds in Apricot Cultivars from Romania—A Chemometric ApproachAdela Pintea0Francisc Vasile Dulf1Andrea Bunea2Sonia Ancuța Socaci3Elena Andreea Pop4Vlăduț-Alexandru Opriță5Daniele Giuffrida6Francesco Cacciola7Giovanni Bartolomeo8Luigi Mondello9Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaResearch Station for Fruit Growing (RSFG), 907300 Valu lui Traian, RomaniaDepartment of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, ItalyLipophilic constituents are important for the color and aroma of apricots, but also for their health benefits. In the present study, carotenoids, fatty acids, and volatiles were analyzed in 11 apricot cultivars, from which nine were obtained in Romania. High performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-APCI-MS methodology applied on unsaponified carotenoid extracts allowed the identification and quantification of 19 compounds. The predominant carotenoids in all cultivars were all<i>-trans</i>-β-carotene and its <i>cis</i> isomers. Lutein was present exclusively in non-esterified form, while β-cryptoxanthin was predominantly esterified, mainly with oleic, palmitic, lauric, and stearic acid. Moreover, β-cryptoxanthin linoleate, linolenate, and stearate were detected for the first time in Harogem cultivar. Variation in carotenoid content and composition was observed, with the highest carotenoid content being recorded in Tudor, Harogem, and Mamaia cultivars. The predominant fatty acids determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were linoleic (up to 47%), palmitic (up to 32.7%), and linolenic (up to 17.16%), with small variations among cultivars. In-tube extraction technique (ITEX)/GC-MS was applied for profiling the volatiles in apricot fruits and 120 compounds were identified, with terpenoids and esters as the most abundant classes. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the carotenoids and the fatty acids profile can be used for variety authentication and discrimination in apricots.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/7/562<i>Prunus armeniaca</i> L.carotenoidsfatty acidsvolatiles |
| spellingShingle | Adela Pintea Francisc Vasile Dulf Andrea Bunea Sonia Ancuța Socaci Elena Andreea Pop Vlăduț-Alexandru Opriță Daniele Giuffrida Francesco Cacciola Giovanni Bartolomeo Luigi Mondello Carotenoids, Fatty Acids, and Volatile Compounds in Apricot Cultivars from Romania—A Chemometric Approach Antioxidants <i>Prunus armeniaca</i> L. carotenoids fatty acids volatiles |
| title | Carotenoids, Fatty Acids, and Volatile Compounds in Apricot Cultivars from Romania—A Chemometric Approach |
| title_full | Carotenoids, Fatty Acids, and Volatile Compounds in Apricot Cultivars from Romania—A Chemometric Approach |
| title_fullStr | Carotenoids, Fatty Acids, and Volatile Compounds in Apricot Cultivars from Romania—A Chemometric Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Carotenoids, Fatty Acids, and Volatile Compounds in Apricot Cultivars from Romania—A Chemometric Approach |
| title_short | Carotenoids, Fatty Acids, and Volatile Compounds in Apricot Cultivars from Romania—A Chemometric Approach |
| title_sort | carotenoids fatty acids and volatile compounds in apricot cultivars from romania a chemometric approach |
| topic | <i>Prunus armeniaca</i> L. carotenoids fatty acids volatiles |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/7/562 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT adelapintea carotenoidsfattyacidsandvolatilecompoundsinapricotcultivarsfromromaniaachemometricapproach AT franciscvasiledulf carotenoidsfattyacidsandvolatilecompoundsinapricotcultivarsfromromaniaachemometricapproach AT andreabunea carotenoidsfattyacidsandvolatilecompoundsinapricotcultivarsfromromaniaachemometricapproach AT soniaancutasocaci carotenoidsfattyacidsandvolatilecompoundsinapricotcultivarsfromromaniaachemometricapproach AT elenaandreeapop carotenoidsfattyacidsandvolatilecompoundsinapricotcultivarsfromromaniaachemometricapproach AT vladutalexandruoprita carotenoidsfattyacidsandvolatilecompoundsinapricotcultivarsfromromaniaachemometricapproach AT danielegiuffrida carotenoidsfattyacidsandvolatilecompoundsinapricotcultivarsfromromaniaachemometricapproach AT francescocacciola carotenoidsfattyacidsandvolatilecompoundsinapricotcultivarsfromromaniaachemometricapproach AT giovannibartolomeo carotenoidsfattyacidsandvolatilecompoundsinapricotcultivarsfromromaniaachemometricapproach AT luigimondello carotenoidsfattyacidsandvolatilecompoundsinapricotcultivarsfromromaniaachemometricapproach |