Inductive Power Transfer Link at 13.56 MHz for Leadless Cardiac Pacemakers
Inductive power links are most viable for the long-term powering of cardiac pacemakers. Designing an inductive power link without surpassing the specific absorption rate (SAR) for modern leadless cardiac pacemakers (LCPs) remains a challenging task because of its size and implantation depth. The ind...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/17/5436 |
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| author | Krithikaa Mohanarangam Yellappa Palagani Kunhee Cho Jun-Rim Choi |
| author_facet | Krithikaa Mohanarangam Yellappa Palagani Kunhee Cho Jun-Rim Choi |
| author_sort | Krithikaa Mohanarangam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Inductive power links are most viable for the long-term powering of cardiac pacemakers. Designing an inductive power link without surpassing the specific absorption rate (SAR) for modern leadless cardiac pacemakers (LCPs) remains a challenging task because of its size and implantation depth. The inductive power link employed in the conventional works is either designed at a high frequency or based on the size, shape, weight, and implantation depth of conventional cardiac pacemakers. Here, a 3-coil inductive power transfer link with a circular transmitter coil and solenoidal receiver coil is designed at 13.56 MHz to provide uninterrupted power to the modern LCPs. Considering the food and drug administration approved term for implant size of modern LCP, the receiver coil is designed with 6 mm diameter and 6.5 mm length. The performance of the link has been verified through simulations and measurements under perfect alignment, lateral and/or angular misalignments, and distance variation between the coils. At a 50 mm horizontal distance between transmitter and receiver coils, the transmission coefficient is −30.9 dB. The maximum simulated average SAR at heterogeneous phantom is 0.30 W/kg, which is lower than the limit set by the Federal Communications Commission for radiation threshold exposure. Experiments conducted on pork’s heart verified the reliability of the simulated results. At a 50 mm distance between the coils, the measured transmission coefficient is −34 dB, and at an input power of 1 W, the power delivered to the load is 0.7 mW. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:12:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b043f908210f4e65bf9d694126fb04e8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:12:57Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-b043f908210f4e65bf9d694126fb04e82023-11-22T10:34:40ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732021-09-011417543610.3390/en14175436Inductive Power Transfer Link at 13.56 MHz for Leadless Cardiac PacemakersKrithikaa Mohanarangam0Yellappa Palagani1Kunhee Cho2Jun-Rim Choi3School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, KoreaSchool of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, KoreaSchool of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, KoreaSchool of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, KoreaInductive power links are most viable for the long-term powering of cardiac pacemakers. Designing an inductive power link without surpassing the specific absorption rate (SAR) for modern leadless cardiac pacemakers (LCPs) remains a challenging task because of its size and implantation depth. The inductive power link employed in the conventional works is either designed at a high frequency or based on the size, shape, weight, and implantation depth of conventional cardiac pacemakers. Here, a 3-coil inductive power transfer link with a circular transmitter coil and solenoidal receiver coil is designed at 13.56 MHz to provide uninterrupted power to the modern LCPs. Considering the food and drug administration approved term for implant size of modern LCP, the receiver coil is designed with 6 mm diameter and 6.5 mm length. The performance of the link has been verified through simulations and measurements under perfect alignment, lateral and/or angular misalignments, and distance variation between the coils. At a 50 mm horizontal distance between transmitter and receiver coils, the transmission coefficient is −30.9 dB. The maximum simulated average SAR at heterogeneous phantom is 0.30 W/kg, which is lower than the limit set by the Federal Communications Commission for radiation threshold exposure. Experiments conducted on pork’s heart verified the reliability of the simulated results. At a 50 mm distance between the coils, the measured transmission coefficient is −34 dB, and at an input power of 1 W, the power delivered to the load is 0.7 mW.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/17/5436leadless cardiac pacemaker3-coil inductive power transfer linksolenoidal receivertransmission coefficientspecific absorption rate |
| spellingShingle | Krithikaa Mohanarangam Yellappa Palagani Kunhee Cho Jun-Rim Choi Inductive Power Transfer Link at 13.56 MHz for Leadless Cardiac Pacemakers Energies leadless cardiac pacemaker 3-coil inductive power transfer link solenoidal receiver transmission coefficient specific absorption rate |
| title | Inductive Power Transfer Link at 13.56 MHz for Leadless Cardiac Pacemakers |
| title_full | Inductive Power Transfer Link at 13.56 MHz for Leadless Cardiac Pacemakers |
| title_fullStr | Inductive Power Transfer Link at 13.56 MHz for Leadless Cardiac Pacemakers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Inductive Power Transfer Link at 13.56 MHz for Leadless Cardiac Pacemakers |
| title_short | Inductive Power Transfer Link at 13.56 MHz for Leadless Cardiac Pacemakers |
| title_sort | inductive power transfer link at 13 56 mhz for leadless cardiac pacemakers |
| topic | leadless cardiac pacemaker 3-coil inductive power transfer link solenoidal receiver transmission coefficient specific absorption rate |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/17/5436 |
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