Molecular and Pathogenic Characterization of <i>Cylindrocarpon</i>-like Anamorphs Causing Root and Basal Rot of Almonds
Three almond nurseries were prospected in the South of Spain (Sevilla) to evaluate the sanitary status of the nursery plant material. Samples consisted of main roots, secondary roots and six-month-old basal stems ‘GxN-15’, ‘Nemaguard’, ‘Cadaman’, ‘Rootpac-40’ and ‘Rootpac-20’ rootstocks planted in t...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/7/984 |
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| author | Nieves Capote María Ángeles Del Río Juan Francisco Herencia Francisco Teodoro Arroyo |
| author_facet | Nieves Capote María Ángeles Del Río Juan Francisco Herencia Francisco Teodoro Arroyo |
| author_sort | Nieves Capote |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Three almond nurseries were prospected in the South of Spain (Sevilla) to evaluate the sanitary status of the nursery plant material. Samples consisted of main roots, secondary roots and six-month-old basal stems ‘GxN-15’, ‘Nemaguard’, ‘Cadaman’, ‘Rootpac-40’ and ‘Rootpac-20’ rootstocks planted in the soil, and twigs of mother plants from ‘Lauranne’, ‘Guara’, ‘Marcona’, ‘Marta’ and ‘Ferragnes’ almond cultivars. Endophytic and potential pathogenic fungi were identified in mother plants and 70 <i>Cylindrocarpon</i>-like anamorph isolates were detected in the root system and basal stems of analyzed rootstocks. Based on partial sequencing of the <i>his3</i> gene and multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated ITS, <i>tub2</i>, <i>his3</i> and <i>tef1-α</i> partial sequences, seven <i>Cylindrocarpon</i>-like anamorph species were identified as <i>Dactylonectria torresensis</i>, <i>D. novozelandica</i>, <i>D. macrodidyma</i>, <i>Ilyonectria liriodendri, Neonectria</i> sp. 1, <i>N. quercicola</i> and <i>Cylindrocladiella variabilis.</i> Pathogenicity was assessed on young healthy detached twigs of ‘Guara’ almond cultivar and one-year-old ‘Lauranne’ potted almonds grafted onto ‘GxN-15’ rootstocks. Among the seven <i>Cylindrocarpon</i>-like anamorph species, <i>I. liriodendri, Neonectria</i> sp. 1 and <i>N. quercicola</i> were the most aggressive. Inoculated detached shoots developed necrotic lesions 15 days after inoculation. Inoculated trees showed sectorized necrosis in the main and secondary roots and the basal stem of the rootstock 5 months after inoculation. The most aggressive species were able to cause necrosis also in the grafted cultivar, and <i>I. liriodendri,</i> and <i>N. quercicola</i> also reduced the root biomass. This is the first report of <i>Cylindrocarpon</i>-like anamorph species causing root and basal rot of almonds. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:30:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b06e3cdd8ca549d8908f8f60e6cffd95 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:30:48Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj.art-b06e3cdd8ca549d8908f8f60e6cffd952023-11-30T23:51:51ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472022-04-0111798410.3390/plants11070984Molecular and Pathogenic Characterization of <i>Cylindrocarpon</i>-like Anamorphs Causing Root and Basal Rot of AlmondsNieves Capote0María Ángeles Del Río1Juan Francisco Herencia2Francisco Teodoro Arroyo3Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA) Centro Las Torres, 41200 Seville, SpainAndalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA) Centro Las Torres, 41200 Seville, SpainAndalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA) Centro Las Torres, 41200 Seville, SpainAndalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA) Centro Las Torres, 41200 Seville, SpainThree almond nurseries were prospected in the South of Spain (Sevilla) to evaluate the sanitary status of the nursery plant material. Samples consisted of main roots, secondary roots and six-month-old basal stems ‘GxN-15’, ‘Nemaguard’, ‘Cadaman’, ‘Rootpac-40’ and ‘Rootpac-20’ rootstocks planted in the soil, and twigs of mother plants from ‘Lauranne’, ‘Guara’, ‘Marcona’, ‘Marta’ and ‘Ferragnes’ almond cultivars. Endophytic and potential pathogenic fungi were identified in mother plants and 70 <i>Cylindrocarpon</i>-like anamorph isolates were detected in the root system and basal stems of analyzed rootstocks. Based on partial sequencing of the <i>his3</i> gene and multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated ITS, <i>tub2</i>, <i>his3</i> and <i>tef1-α</i> partial sequences, seven <i>Cylindrocarpon</i>-like anamorph species were identified as <i>Dactylonectria torresensis</i>, <i>D. novozelandica</i>, <i>D. macrodidyma</i>, <i>Ilyonectria liriodendri, Neonectria</i> sp. 1, <i>N. quercicola</i> and <i>Cylindrocladiella variabilis.</i> Pathogenicity was assessed on young healthy detached twigs of ‘Guara’ almond cultivar and one-year-old ‘Lauranne’ potted almonds grafted onto ‘GxN-15’ rootstocks. Among the seven <i>Cylindrocarpon</i>-like anamorph species, <i>I. liriodendri, Neonectria</i> sp. 1 and <i>N. quercicola</i> were the most aggressive. Inoculated detached shoots developed necrotic lesions 15 days after inoculation. Inoculated trees showed sectorized necrosis in the main and secondary roots and the basal stem of the rootstock 5 months after inoculation. The most aggressive species were able to cause necrosis also in the grafted cultivar, and <i>I. liriodendri,</i> and <i>N. quercicola</i> also reduced the root biomass. This is the first report of <i>Cylindrocarpon</i>-like anamorph species causing root and basal rot of almonds.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/7/984<i>Prunus dulcis</i><i>Dactylonectria</i><i>Ilyonectria</i><i>Neonectria</i><i>Cylindrocladiella</i>nursery |
| spellingShingle | Nieves Capote María Ángeles Del Río Juan Francisco Herencia Francisco Teodoro Arroyo Molecular and Pathogenic Characterization of <i>Cylindrocarpon</i>-like Anamorphs Causing Root and Basal Rot of Almonds Plants <i>Prunus dulcis</i> <i>Dactylonectria</i> <i>Ilyonectria</i> <i>Neonectria</i> <i>Cylindrocladiella</i> nursery |
| title | Molecular and Pathogenic Characterization of <i>Cylindrocarpon</i>-like Anamorphs Causing Root and Basal Rot of Almonds |
| title_full | Molecular and Pathogenic Characterization of <i>Cylindrocarpon</i>-like Anamorphs Causing Root and Basal Rot of Almonds |
| title_fullStr | Molecular and Pathogenic Characterization of <i>Cylindrocarpon</i>-like Anamorphs Causing Root and Basal Rot of Almonds |
| title_full_unstemmed | Molecular and Pathogenic Characterization of <i>Cylindrocarpon</i>-like Anamorphs Causing Root and Basal Rot of Almonds |
| title_short | Molecular and Pathogenic Characterization of <i>Cylindrocarpon</i>-like Anamorphs Causing Root and Basal Rot of Almonds |
| title_sort | molecular and pathogenic characterization of i cylindrocarpon i like anamorphs causing root and basal rot of almonds |
| topic | <i>Prunus dulcis</i> <i>Dactylonectria</i> <i>Ilyonectria</i> <i>Neonectria</i> <i>Cylindrocladiella</i> nursery |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/7/984 |
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