Conjugate Heat Transfer Modeling of a Cold Plate Design for Hybrid-Cooled Data Centers
Liquid-cooled servers can be deployed to reduce the energy consumption and environmental footprint of hybrid-cooled data centers. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model can bring extremely useful insights and results for thermal simulations of air- and liquid-cooled servers in a single environme...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Energies |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/7/3088 |
| _version_ | 1797608047426666496 |
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| author | Aras Dogan Sibel Yilmaz Mustafa Kuzay Dirk-Jan Korpershoek Jeroen Burks Ender Demirel |
| author_facet | Aras Dogan Sibel Yilmaz Mustafa Kuzay Dirk-Jan Korpershoek Jeroen Burks Ender Demirel |
| author_sort | Aras Dogan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Liquid-cooled servers can be deployed to reduce the energy consumption and environmental footprint of hybrid-cooled data centers. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model can bring extremely useful insights and results for thermal simulations of air- and liquid-cooled servers in a single environment. In this study, a conjugate heat transfer (CHT) numerical model is developed and validated with experimental data to simulate heat transfer from the CPU to the air and cold plate considering the effect of thermal paste. The cooling performance of an in-house developed cold plate design is thoroughly investigated via the validated CHT model. A dataset containing one hundred samples of various flow, thermal and workload conditions was generated using the Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) method, which was further utilized in the series of CHT simulations. Finally, a novel empirical equation is proposed for the prediction of heat transfer from the CPU to the air. The accuracy of the proposed equation is confirmed by comparing estimated and simulated results for a test dataset. A thermal analysis of a rack containing air and liquid-cooled servers is performed using the presented approach. The simulation results reveal that the proposed compact model can be used reliably for the thermal simulation of a hybrid-cooled data center. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:39:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b090824833814d09b356d2f11505c5b5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:39:06Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-b090824833814d09b356d2f11505c5b52023-11-17T16:37:16ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732023-03-01167308810.3390/en16073088Conjugate Heat Transfer Modeling of a Cold Plate Design for Hybrid-Cooled Data CentersAras Dogan0Sibel Yilmaz1Mustafa Kuzay2Dirk-Jan Korpershoek3Jeroen Burks4Ender Demirel5Design and Simulation Technologies Inc., Eskisehir 26480, TurkeyDesign and Simulation Technologies Inc., Eskisehir 26480, TurkeyDesign and Simulation Technologies Inc., Eskisehir 26480, TurkeyBlockheating B.V., Terweijerweg 25, 6413 PC Heerlen, The NetherlandsBlockheating B.V., Terweijerweg 25, 6413 PC Heerlen, The NetherlandsDesign and Simulation Technologies Inc., Eskisehir 26480, TurkeyLiquid-cooled servers can be deployed to reduce the energy consumption and environmental footprint of hybrid-cooled data centers. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model can bring extremely useful insights and results for thermal simulations of air- and liquid-cooled servers in a single environment. In this study, a conjugate heat transfer (CHT) numerical model is developed and validated with experimental data to simulate heat transfer from the CPU to the air and cold plate considering the effect of thermal paste. The cooling performance of an in-house developed cold plate design is thoroughly investigated via the validated CHT model. A dataset containing one hundred samples of various flow, thermal and workload conditions was generated using the Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) method, which was further utilized in the series of CHT simulations. Finally, a novel empirical equation is proposed for the prediction of heat transfer from the CPU to the air. The accuracy of the proposed equation is confirmed by comparing estimated and simulated results for a test dataset. A thermal analysis of a rack containing air and liquid-cooled servers is performed using the presented approach. The simulation results reveal that the proposed compact model can be used reliably for the thermal simulation of a hybrid-cooled data center.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/7/3088data centerwaste heatconjugate heat transfercold plateopen compute projectOpenFOAM |
| spellingShingle | Aras Dogan Sibel Yilmaz Mustafa Kuzay Dirk-Jan Korpershoek Jeroen Burks Ender Demirel Conjugate Heat Transfer Modeling of a Cold Plate Design for Hybrid-Cooled Data Centers Energies data center waste heat conjugate heat transfer cold plate open compute project OpenFOAM |
| title | Conjugate Heat Transfer Modeling of a Cold Plate Design for Hybrid-Cooled Data Centers |
| title_full | Conjugate Heat Transfer Modeling of a Cold Plate Design for Hybrid-Cooled Data Centers |
| title_fullStr | Conjugate Heat Transfer Modeling of a Cold Plate Design for Hybrid-Cooled Data Centers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Conjugate Heat Transfer Modeling of a Cold Plate Design for Hybrid-Cooled Data Centers |
| title_short | Conjugate Heat Transfer Modeling of a Cold Plate Design for Hybrid-Cooled Data Centers |
| title_sort | conjugate heat transfer modeling of a cold plate design for hybrid cooled data centers |
| topic | data center waste heat conjugate heat transfer cold plate open compute project OpenFOAM |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/7/3088 |
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