Phagocytosis by Peripheral Glia: Importance for Nervous System Functions and Implications in Injury and Disease
The central nervous system (CNS) has very limited capacity to regenerate after traumatic injury or disease. In contrast, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has far greater capacity for regeneration. This difference can be partly attributed to variances in glial-mediated functions, such as axon guid...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2021.660259/full |
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| author | Lynn Nazareth Lynn Nazareth James St John James St John James St John Mariyam Murtaza Mariyam Murtaza Mariyam Murtaza Jenny Ekberg Jenny Ekberg Jenny Ekberg |
| author_facet | Lynn Nazareth Lynn Nazareth James St John James St John James St John Mariyam Murtaza Mariyam Murtaza Mariyam Murtaza Jenny Ekberg Jenny Ekberg Jenny Ekberg |
| author_sort | Lynn Nazareth |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The central nervous system (CNS) has very limited capacity to regenerate after traumatic injury or disease. In contrast, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has far greater capacity for regeneration. This difference can be partly attributed to variances in glial-mediated functions, such as axon guidance, structural support, secretion of growth factors and phagocytic activity. Due to their growth-promoting characteristic, transplantation of PNS glia has been trialed for neural repair. After peripheral nerve injuries, Schwann cells (SCs, the main PNS glia) phagocytose myelin debris and attract macrophages to the injury site to aid in debris clearance. One peripheral nerve, the olfactory nerve, is unique in that it continuously regenerates throughout life. The olfactory nerve glia, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), are the primary phagocytes within this nerve, continuously clearing axonal debris arising from the normal regeneration of the nerve and after injury. In contrast to SCs, OECs do not appear to attract macrophages. SCs and OECs also respond to and phagocytose bacteria, a function likely critical for tackling microbial invasion of the CNS via peripheral nerves. However, phagocytosis is not always effective; inflammation, aging and/or genetic factors may contribute to compromised phagocytic activity. Here, we highlight the diverse roles of SCs and OECs with the focus on their phagocytic activity under physiological and pathological conditions. We also explore why understanding the contribution of peripheral glia phagocytosis may provide us with translational strategies for achieving axonal regeneration of the injured nervous system and potentially for the treatment of certain neurological diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T16:26:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b0a3252b88ba496788003549478e560a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-634X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T16:26:28Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-b0a3252b88ba496788003549478e560a2022-12-21T18:57:26ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology2296-634X2021-04-01910.3389/fcell.2021.660259660259Phagocytosis by Peripheral Glia: Importance for Nervous System Functions and Implications in Injury and DiseaseLynn Nazareth0Lynn Nazareth1James St John2James St John3James St John4Mariyam Murtaza5Mariyam Murtaza6Mariyam Murtaza7Jenny Ekberg8Jenny Ekberg9Jenny Ekberg10Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, AustraliaClem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, AustraliaMenzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, AustraliaClem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, AustraliaGriffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, AustraliaMenzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, AustraliaClem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, AustraliaGriffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, AustraliaMenzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, AustraliaClem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, AustraliaGriffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, AustraliaThe central nervous system (CNS) has very limited capacity to regenerate after traumatic injury or disease. In contrast, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has far greater capacity for regeneration. This difference can be partly attributed to variances in glial-mediated functions, such as axon guidance, structural support, secretion of growth factors and phagocytic activity. Due to their growth-promoting characteristic, transplantation of PNS glia has been trialed for neural repair. After peripheral nerve injuries, Schwann cells (SCs, the main PNS glia) phagocytose myelin debris and attract macrophages to the injury site to aid in debris clearance. One peripheral nerve, the olfactory nerve, is unique in that it continuously regenerates throughout life. The olfactory nerve glia, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), are the primary phagocytes within this nerve, continuously clearing axonal debris arising from the normal regeneration of the nerve and after injury. In contrast to SCs, OECs do not appear to attract macrophages. SCs and OECs also respond to and phagocytose bacteria, a function likely critical for tackling microbial invasion of the CNS via peripheral nerves. However, phagocytosis is not always effective; inflammation, aging and/or genetic factors may contribute to compromised phagocytic activity. Here, we highlight the diverse roles of SCs and OECs with the focus on their phagocytic activity under physiological and pathological conditions. We also explore why understanding the contribution of peripheral glia phagocytosis may provide us with translational strategies for achieving axonal regeneration of the injured nervous system and potentially for the treatment of certain neurological diseases.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2021.660259/fullolfactory ensheathing cellSchwann cellcell debrisbacteriamacrophageneuropathy |
| spellingShingle | Lynn Nazareth Lynn Nazareth James St John James St John James St John Mariyam Murtaza Mariyam Murtaza Mariyam Murtaza Jenny Ekberg Jenny Ekberg Jenny Ekberg Phagocytosis by Peripheral Glia: Importance for Nervous System Functions and Implications in Injury and Disease Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology olfactory ensheathing cell Schwann cell cell debris bacteria macrophage neuropathy |
| title | Phagocytosis by Peripheral Glia: Importance for Nervous System Functions and Implications in Injury and Disease |
| title_full | Phagocytosis by Peripheral Glia: Importance for Nervous System Functions and Implications in Injury and Disease |
| title_fullStr | Phagocytosis by Peripheral Glia: Importance for Nervous System Functions and Implications in Injury and Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phagocytosis by Peripheral Glia: Importance for Nervous System Functions and Implications in Injury and Disease |
| title_short | Phagocytosis by Peripheral Glia: Importance for Nervous System Functions and Implications in Injury and Disease |
| title_sort | phagocytosis by peripheral glia importance for nervous system functions and implications in injury and disease |
| topic | olfactory ensheathing cell Schwann cell cell debris bacteria macrophage neuropathy |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2021.660259/full |
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