Rhinovirus Genotypes Circulating in Bulgaria, 2018–2021
Rhinoviruses (RV) are one of the most common causative agents of respiratory infections, with significant socioeconomic impact. RV infections are not notifiable in Bulgaria, and little is known about the different RV genotypes circulating in the country. This study aims to investigate the diversity...
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| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/7/1608 |
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| author | Irina Georgieva Asya Stoyanova Svetla Angelova Neli Korsun Savina Stoitsova Lubomira Nikolaeva-Glomb |
| author_facet | Irina Georgieva Asya Stoyanova Svetla Angelova Neli Korsun Savina Stoitsova Lubomira Nikolaeva-Glomb |
| author_sort | Irina Georgieva |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Rhinoviruses (RV) are one of the most common causative agents of respiratory infections, with significant socioeconomic impact. RV infections are not notifiable in Bulgaria, and little is known about the different RV genotypes circulating in the country. This study aims to investigate the diversity of RV genotypes that were circulating in Bulgaria in the period 2018–2021 in samples from ILI/ARI patients. Genotype assignment was based on sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 5′ untranslated region and the VP4-VP2 region. Out of a total of 1385 nasopharyngeal swabs tested, 166 were RV-positive (RV detection rate: 11.99% (166/1385)). Those with a cycle threshold <25 were selected for genotyping (n = 63). RV isolates were successfully genotyped and classified into 34 genotypes within <i>Rhinovirus A</i> (RV-A)<i>, Rhinovirus B</i> (RV-B) and <i>Rhinovirus C</i> (RV-C) species. Presumptive recombination events between the 5′UTR and VP4-VP2 regions were detected in three of the isolates. RV-A and RV-C were the prevalent RV species, with significantly more frequent detections of RV-A in the years before the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the post-pandemic period, when RV-C prevailed. The present study is the first to determine RV genotypes in Bulgaria and the circulation of RV-C has been described for the first time in the country. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:33:32Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:33:32Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-b0ae465995924ea2bc5031ae60a34ed22023-11-18T21:46:05ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152023-07-01157160810.3390/v15071608Rhinovirus Genotypes Circulating in Bulgaria, 2018–2021Irina Georgieva0Asya Stoyanova1Svetla Angelova2Neli Korsun3Savina Stoitsova4Lubomira Nikolaeva-Glomb5Department of Virology, National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 1233 Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of Virology, National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 1233 Sofia, BulgariaClinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital “Prof. Dr. Stoyan Kirkovich” AD, 6003 Stara Zagora, BulgariaDepartment of Virology, National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 1233 Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of Virology, National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 1233 Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of Virology, National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 1233 Sofia, BulgariaRhinoviruses (RV) are one of the most common causative agents of respiratory infections, with significant socioeconomic impact. RV infections are not notifiable in Bulgaria, and little is known about the different RV genotypes circulating in the country. This study aims to investigate the diversity of RV genotypes that were circulating in Bulgaria in the period 2018–2021 in samples from ILI/ARI patients. Genotype assignment was based on sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 5′ untranslated region and the VP4-VP2 region. Out of a total of 1385 nasopharyngeal swabs tested, 166 were RV-positive (RV detection rate: 11.99% (166/1385)). Those with a cycle threshold <25 were selected for genotyping (n = 63). RV isolates were successfully genotyped and classified into 34 genotypes within <i>Rhinovirus A</i> (RV-A)<i>, Rhinovirus B</i> (RV-B) and <i>Rhinovirus C</i> (RV-C) species. Presumptive recombination events between the 5′UTR and VP4-VP2 regions were detected in three of the isolates. RV-A and RV-C were the prevalent RV species, with significantly more frequent detections of RV-A in the years before the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the post-pandemic period, when RV-C prevailed. The present study is the first to determine RV genotypes in Bulgaria and the circulation of RV-C has been described for the first time in the country.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/7/1608rhinovirusgenotypesequencing |
| spellingShingle | Irina Georgieva Asya Stoyanova Svetla Angelova Neli Korsun Savina Stoitsova Lubomira Nikolaeva-Glomb Rhinovirus Genotypes Circulating in Bulgaria, 2018–2021 Viruses rhinovirus genotype sequencing |
| title | Rhinovirus Genotypes Circulating in Bulgaria, 2018–2021 |
| title_full | Rhinovirus Genotypes Circulating in Bulgaria, 2018–2021 |
| title_fullStr | Rhinovirus Genotypes Circulating in Bulgaria, 2018–2021 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rhinovirus Genotypes Circulating in Bulgaria, 2018–2021 |
| title_short | Rhinovirus Genotypes Circulating in Bulgaria, 2018–2021 |
| title_sort | rhinovirus genotypes circulating in bulgaria 2018 2021 |
| topic | rhinovirus genotype sequencing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/7/1608 |
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