An Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Detection of Gadolinium(III) in Aqueous Media
In this work, an electrolyte-gated graphene field-effect transistor is developed for Gd<sup>3+</sup> ion detection in water. The source and drain electrodes of the transistor are fabricated by photolithography on polyimide, while the graphene channel is obtained by inkjet-printing a grap...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-03-01
|
| Series: | Biosensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/3/363 |
| _version_ | 1797613224190803968 |
|---|---|
| author | Charlène Gadroy Rassen Boukraa Nicolas Battaglini Franck Le Derf Nadine Mofaddel Julien Vieillard Benoît Piro |
| author_facet | Charlène Gadroy Rassen Boukraa Nicolas Battaglini Franck Le Derf Nadine Mofaddel Julien Vieillard Benoît Piro |
| author_sort | Charlène Gadroy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this work, an electrolyte-gated graphene field-effect transistor is developed for Gd<sup>3+</sup> ion detection in water. The source and drain electrodes of the transistor are fabricated by photolithography on polyimide, while the graphene channel is obtained by inkjet-printing a graphene oxide ink subsequently electro-reduced to give reduced graphene oxide. The Gd<sup>3+</sup>-selective ligand DOTA is functionalized by an alkyne linker to be grafted by click chemistry on a gold electrode without losing its affinity for Gd<sup>3+</sup>. The synthesis route is fully described, and the ligand, the linker and the functionalized surface are characterized by electrochemical analysis and spectroscopy. The as functionalized electrode is used as gate in the graphene transistor so to modulate the source-drain current as a function of its potential, which is itself modulated by the concentration of Gd<sup>3+</sup>captured on the gate surface. The obtained sensor is able to quantify Gd<sup>3+</sup> even in a sample containing several other potentially interfering ions such as Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup> and In<sup>3+</sup>. The quantification range is from 1 pM to 10 mM, with a sensitivity of 20 mV dec<sup>−1</sup> expected for a trivalent ion. This paves the way for Gd<sup>3+</sup> quantification in hospital or industrial wastewater. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:51:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b0c0464afa9a4c0c8a7acf0707229f09 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6374 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:51:50Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biosensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-b0c0464afa9a4c0c8a7acf0707229f092023-11-17T09:54:19ZengMDPI AGBiosensors2079-63742023-03-0113336310.3390/bios13030363An Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Detection of Gadolinium(III) in Aqueous MediaCharlène Gadroy0Rassen Boukraa1Nicolas Battaglini2Franck Le Derf3Nadine Mofaddel4Julien Vieillard5Benoît Piro6Université de Rouen-Normandie, Campus d’Evreux, UMR-CNRS 6014, F-27000 Evreux, FranceUniversité Paris Cité, CNRS, ITODYS, F-75013 Paris, FranceUniversité Paris Cité, CNRS, ITODYS, F-75013 Paris, FranceUniversité de Rouen-Normandie, Campus d’Evreux, UMR-CNRS 6014, F-27000 Evreux, FranceUniversité de Rouen-Normandie, Campus d’Evreux, UMR-CNRS 6014, F-27000 Evreux, FranceUniversité de Rouen-Normandie, Campus d’Evreux, UMR-CNRS 6014, F-27000 Evreux, FranceUniversité Paris Cité, CNRS, ITODYS, F-75013 Paris, FranceIn this work, an electrolyte-gated graphene field-effect transistor is developed for Gd<sup>3+</sup> ion detection in water. The source and drain electrodes of the transistor are fabricated by photolithography on polyimide, while the graphene channel is obtained by inkjet-printing a graphene oxide ink subsequently electro-reduced to give reduced graphene oxide. The Gd<sup>3+</sup>-selective ligand DOTA is functionalized by an alkyne linker to be grafted by click chemistry on a gold electrode without losing its affinity for Gd<sup>3+</sup>. The synthesis route is fully described, and the ligand, the linker and the functionalized surface are characterized by electrochemical analysis and spectroscopy. The as functionalized electrode is used as gate in the graphene transistor so to modulate the source-drain current as a function of its potential, which is itself modulated by the concentration of Gd<sup>3+</sup>captured on the gate surface. The obtained sensor is able to quantify Gd<sup>3+</sup> even in a sample containing several other potentially interfering ions such as Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup> and In<sup>3+</sup>. The quantification range is from 1 pM to 10 mM, with a sensitivity of 20 mV dec<sup>−1</sup> expected for a trivalent ion. This paves the way for Gd<sup>3+</sup> quantification in hospital or industrial wastewater.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/3/363gadolinium(III) detectionelectrolyte-gated graphene transistorDOTAsurface functionalization |
| spellingShingle | Charlène Gadroy Rassen Boukraa Nicolas Battaglini Franck Le Derf Nadine Mofaddel Julien Vieillard Benoît Piro An Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Detection of Gadolinium(III) in Aqueous Media Biosensors gadolinium(III) detection electrolyte-gated graphene transistor DOTA surface functionalization |
| title | An Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Detection of Gadolinium(III) in Aqueous Media |
| title_full | An Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Detection of Gadolinium(III) in Aqueous Media |
| title_fullStr | An Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Detection of Gadolinium(III) in Aqueous Media |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Detection of Gadolinium(III) in Aqueous Media |
| title_short | An Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Detection of Gadolinium(III) in Aqueous Media |
| title_sort | electrolyte gated graphene field effect transistor for detection of gadolinium iii in aqueous media |
| topic | gadolinium(III) detection electrolyte-gated graphene transistor DOTA surface functionalization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/3/363 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT charlenegadroy anelectrolytegatedgraphenefieldeffecttransistorfordetectionofgadoliniumiiiinaqueousmedia AT rassenboukraa anelectrolytegatedgraphenefieldeffecttransistorfordetectionofgadoliniumiiiinaqueousmedia AT nicolasbattaglini anelectrolytegatedgraphenefieldeffecttransistorfordetectionofgadoliniumiiiinaqueousmedia AT francklederf anelectrolytegatedgraphenefieldeffecttransistorfordetectionofgadoliniumiiiinaqueousmedia AT nadinemofaddel anelectrolytegatedgraphenefieldeffecttransistorfordetectionofgadoliniumiiiinaqueousmedia AT julienvieillard anelectrolytegatedgraphenefieldeffecttransistorfordetectionofgadoliniumiiiinaqueousmedia AT benoitpiro anelectrolytegatedgraphenefieldeffecttransistorfordetectionofgadoliniumiiiinaqueousmedia AT charlenegadroy electrolytegatedgraphenefieldeffecttransistorfordetectionofgadoliniumiiiinaqueousmedia AT rassenboukraa electrolytegatedgraphenefieldeffecttransistorfordetectionofgadoliniumiiiinaqueousmedia AT nicolasbattaglini electrolytegatedgraphenefieldeffecttransistorfordetectionofgadoliniumiiiinaqueousmedia AT francklederf electrolytegatedgraphenefieldeffecttransistorfordetectionofgadoliniumiiiinaqueousmedia AT nadinemofaddel electrolytegatedgraphenefieldeffecttransistorfordetectionofgadoliniumiiiinaqueousmedia AT julienvieillard electrolytegatedgraphenefieldeffecttransistorfordetectionofgadoliniumiiiinaqueousmedia AT benoitpiro electrolytegatedgraphenefieldeffecttransistorfordetectionofgadoliniumiiiinaqueousmedia |