Exposure Assessment of Cadmium in Female Farmers in Cadmium-Polluted Areas in Northern Japan
Akita prefecture is located in the northern part of Japan and has many cadmium-polluted areas. We herein performed an exposure assessment of cadmium in 712 and 432 female farmers in two adjacent cadmium-polluted areas (A and B, respectively), who underwent local health examinations from 2001–2004. W...
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MDPI AG
2020-06-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/8/2/44 |
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| author | Hyogo Horiguchi Etsuko Oguma Satoshi Sasaki Kayoko Miyamoto Yoko Hosoi Akira Ono Fujio Kayama |
| author_facet | Hyogo Horiguchi Etsuko Oguma Satoshi Sasaki Kayoko Miyamoto Yoko Hosoi Akira Ono Fujio Kayama |
| author_sort | Hyogo Horiguchi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Akita prefecture is located in the northern part of Japan and has many cadmium-polluted areas. We herein performed an exposure assessment of cadmium in 712 and 432 female farmers in two adjacent cadmium-polluted areas (A and B, respectively), who underwent local health examinations from 2001–2004. We measured cadmium concentrations in 100 food items collected from local markets in 2003. We then multiplied the intake of each food item by its cadmium concentration in each subject to assess cadmium intake from food and summed cadmium intake from all food items to obtain the total cadmium intake. Median cadmium intake levels in areas A and B were 55.7 and 47.8 µg/day, respectively, which were both higher than that of the general population and were attributed to local agricultural products, particularly rice. We also calculated weekly cadmium intake per body weight and compared it to the previous provisional tolerable weekly intake reported by the Joint FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)/WHO (World Health Organization) expert committee on food additives or current tolerable weekly intake in Japan of 7 µg/kg BW/week. Medians in areas A and B were 7.2 and 6.0 µg/kg BW/week, respectively. Similar estimated values were also obtained by the Monte Carlo simulation. These results demonstrated that the cadmium exposure levels among the farmers were high enough to be approximately the tolerable weekly intake. |
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| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:07:22Z |
| publishDate | 2020-06-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-b0c5a78b97dc455b82ff155de7e108412023-11-20T04:04:43ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042020-06-01824410.3390/toxics8020044Exposure Assessment of Cadmium in Female Farmers in Cadmium-Polluted Areas in Northern JapanHyogo Horiguchi0Etsuko Oguma1Satoshi Sasaki2Kayoko Miyamoto3Yoko Hosoi4Akira Ono5Fujio Kayama6Department of Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0374, JapanDepartment of Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0374, JapanDepartment of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanDepartment of Registered Dietitian, Koyo Nursing Nutrition College, Koyo Gakuen, Ibaraki 306-0013, JapanDepartment of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, JapanDepartment of Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0374, JapanDepartment of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, JapanAkita prefecture is located in the northern part of Japan and has many cadmium-polluted areas. We herein performed an exposure assessment of cadmium in 712 and 432 female farmers in two adjacent cadmium-polluted areas (A and B, respectively), who underwent local health examinations from 2001–2004. We measured cadmium concentrations in 100 food items collected from local markets in 2003. We then multiplied the intake of each food item by its cadmium concentration in each subject to assess cadmium intake from food and summed cadmium intake from all food items to obtain the total cadmium intake. Median cadmium intake levels in areas A and B were 55.7 and 47.8 µg/day, respectively, which were both higher than that of the general population and were attributed to local agricultural products, particularly rice. We also calculated weekly cadmium intake per body weight and compared it to the previous provisional tolerable weekly intake reported by the Joint FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)/WHO (World Health Organization) expert committee on food additives or current tolerable weekly intake in Japan of 7 µg/kg BW/week. Medians in areas A and B were 7.2 and 6.0 µg/kg BW/week, respectively. Similar estimated values were also obtained by the Monte Carlo simulation. These results demonstrated that the cadmium exposure levels among the farmers were high enough to be approximately the tolerable weekly intake.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/8/2/44cadmiumfoodfarmerPTWI (provisional tolerable monthly intake)TWI (tolerable weekly intake)Monte Carlo simulation |
| spellingShingle | Hyogo Horiguchi Etsuko Oguma Satoshi Sasaki Kayoko Miyamoto Yoko Hosoi Akira Ono Fujio Kayama Exposure Assessment of Cadmium in Female Farmers in Cadmium-Polluted Areas in Northern Japan Toxics cadmium food farmer PTWI (provisional tolerable monthly intake) TWI (tolerable weekly intake) Monte Carlo simulation |
| title | Exposure Assessment of Cadmium in Female Farmers in Cadmium-Polluted Areas in Northern Japan |
| title_full | Exposure Assessment of Cadmium in Female Farmers in Cadmium-Polluted Areas in Northern Japan |
| title_fullStr | Exposure Assessment of Cadmium in Female Farmers in Cadmium-Polluted Areas in Northern Japan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exposure Assessment of Cadmium in Female Farmers in Cadmium-Polluted Areas in Northern Japan |
| title_short | Exposure Assessment of Cadmium in Female Farmers in Cadmium-Polluted Areas in Northern Japan |
| title_sort | exposure assessment of cadmium in female farmers in cadmium polluted areas in northern japan |
| topic | cadmium food farmer PTWI (provisional tolerable monthly intake) TWI (tolerable weekly intake) Monte Carlo simulation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/8/2/44 |
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