Factors Influencing the Concentration of Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) in School Children Aged 8–9-Years-Old in Krakow, with High FeNO Values ≥ 20 ppb
<i>Background and Objectives</i>: Measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) concentration is currently used as a non-invasive biomarker to assess airway inflammation. Many factors can influence the FeNO level. However, there have been no reports concerning factors attributed...
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Medicina |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/58/2/146 |
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| author | Marta Czubaj-Kowal Grzegorz Józef Nowicki Ryszard Kurzawa Maciej Polak Barbara Ślusarska |
| author_facet | Marta Czubaj-Kowal Grzegorz Józef Nowicki Ryszard Kurzawa Maciej Polak Barbara Ślusarska |
| author_sort | Marta Czubaj-Kowal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Background and Objectives</i>: Measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) concentration is currently used as a non-invasive biomarker to assess airway inflammation. Many factors can influence the FeNO level. However, there have been no reports concerning factors attributed to FeNO levels in different age groups of children, especially those with high FeNO values. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the influence of selected factors on nitric oxide concentration in exhaled air in children aged 8–9 attending class 3 of public primary schools in Krakow with high FeNO values ≥ 20 ppb. <i>Materials and Methods</i>: The population-based study covered all third-grade pupils attending primary schools in the city of Krakow. Five thousand, four hundred and sixty children participated in the first screening stage, conducted from October 2017 to January 2018. Then, 792 participants with an FeNO level ≥ 20 ppb were selected. Finally, those selected pupils were invited to participate in the second stage, diagnostic, in April 2018. Four hundred and fifty-four children completed the diagnostic stage of the study, and their data was included in the presented analysis. <i>Results and Conclusions:</i> Significantly higher FeNO levels were observed in children diagnosed with the following diseases: asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and allergy (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In addition, it was observed that a higher FeNO concentration characterised children taking antihistamines compared to children not taking those medications (<i>p</i> = 0.008). In multivariate models, we observed that regardless of sex, age, BMI value, home smoking, and whether they were taking medications, children who had allergic rhinitis, or atopic dermatitis, or allergies had significantly higher FeNO levels. The strongest relationship was noted with allergic diseases. The results of our study may be of importance to clinicians when interpreting FeNO results, for example, when making a therapeutic decision. |
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| issn | 1010-660X 1648-9144 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:29:49Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Medicina |
| spelling | doaj.art-b0e58e8b3b33428da5c8d6d70dd0f0292023-11-23T20:58:43ZengMDPI AGMedicina1010-660X1648-91442022-01-0158214610.3390/medicina58020146Factors Influencing the Concentration of Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) in School Children Aged 8–9-Years-Old in Krakow, with High FeNO Values ≥ 20 ppbMarta Czubaj-Kowal0Grzegorz Józef Nowicki1Ryszard Kurzawa2Maciej Polak3Barbara Ślusarska4Department of Paediatrics, Stefan Zeromski Specialist Hospital in Krakow, Na Skarpie 66 Str., 31-913 Krakow, PolandDepartment of Family and Geriatric Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 6 Str., 20-081 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Alergology and Pneumonology, Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disorders, Prof. Jana Rudnika 3B Str., 34-700 Rabka-Zdrój, PolandDepartment of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 20 Str., 31-531 Krakow, PolandDepartment of Family and Geriatric Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 6 Str., 20-081 Lublin, Poland<i>Background and Objectives</i>: Measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) concentration is currently used as a non-invasive biomarker to assess airway inflammation. Many factors can influence the FeNO level. However, there have been no reports concerning factors attributed to FeNO levels in different age groups of children, especially those with high FeNO values. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the influence of selected factors on nitric oxide concentration in exhaled air in children aged 8–9 attending class 3 of public primary schools in Krakow with high FeNO values ≥ 20 ppb. <i>Materials and Methods</i>: The population-based study covered all third-grade pupils attending primary schools in the city of Krakow. Five thousand, four hundred and sixty children participated in the first screening stage, conducted from October 2017 to January 2018. Then, 792 participants with an FeNO level ≥ 20 ppb were selected. Finally, those selected pupils were invited to participate in the second stage, diagnostic, in April 2018. Four hundred and fifty-four children completed the diagnostic stage of the study, and their data was included in the presented analysis. <i>Results and Conclusions:</i> Significantly higher FeNO levels were observed in children diagnosed with the following diseases: asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and allergy (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In addition, it was observed that a higher FeNO concentration characterised children taking antihistamines compared to children not taking those medications (<i>p</i> = 0.008). In multivariate models, we observed that regardless of sex, age, BMI value, home smoking, and whether they were taking medications, children who had allergic rhinitis, or atopic dermatitis, or allergies had significantly higher FeNO levels. The strongest relationship was noted with allergic diseases. The results of our study may be of importance to clinicians when interpreting FeNO results, for example, when making a therapeutic decision.https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/58/2/146fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO)childrenairway diseasetreatmentbody mass indextobacco smoke exposure |
| spellingShingle | Marta Czubaj-Kowal Grzegorz Józef Nowicki Ryszard Kurzawa Maciej Polak Barbara Ślusarska Factors Influencing the Concentration of Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) in School Children Aged 8–9-Years-Old in Krakow, with High FeNO Values ≥ 20 ppb Medicina fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) children airway disease treatment body mass index tobacco smoke exposure |
| title | Factors Influencing the Concentration of Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) in School Children Aged 8–9-Years-Old in Krakow, with High FeNO Values ≥ 20 ppb |
| title_full | Factors Influencing the Concentration of Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) in School Children Aged 8–9-Years-Old in Krakow, with High FeNO Values ≥ 20 ppb |
| title_fullStr | Factors Influencing the Concentration of Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) in School Children Aged 8–9-Years-Old in Krakow, with High FeNO Values ≥ 20 ppb |
| title_full_unstemmed | Factors Influencing the Concentration of Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) in School Children Aged 8–9-Years-Old in Krakow, with High FeNO Values ≥ 20 ppb |
| title_short | Factors Influencing the Concentration of Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) in School Children Aged 8–9-Years-Old in Krakow, with High FeNO Values ≥ 20 ppb |
| title_sort | factors influencing the concentration of exhaled nitric oxide feno in school children aged 8 9 years old in krakow with high feno values ≥ 20 ppb |
| topic | fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) children airway disease treatment body mass index tobacco smoke exposure |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/58/2/146 |
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