The Determination of Cannabinoids in Urine Samples Using Microextraction by Packed Sorbent and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Cannabis is the most consumed illicit drug worldwide, and its legal status is a source of concern. This study proposes a rapid procedure for the simultaneous quantification of Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC),...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/17/5503 |
| _version_ | 1797494198594699264 |
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| author | Luana M. Rosendo Tiago Rosado Patrik Oliveira Ana Y. Simão Cláudia Margalho Suzel Costa Luís A. Passarinha Mário Barroso Eugenia Gallardo |
| author_facet | Luana M. Rosendo Tiago Rosado Patrik Oliveira Ana Y. Simão Cláudia Margalho Suzel Costa Luís A. Passarinha Mário Barroso Eugenia Gallardo |
| author_sort | Luana M. Rosendo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cannabis is the most consumed illicit drug worldwide, and its legal status is a source of concern. This study proposes a rapid procedure for the simultaneous quantification of Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN) in urine samples. Microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) was used to pre-concentrate the analytes, which were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The procedure was previously optimized, and the final conditions were: conditioning with 50 µL methanol and 50 µL of water, sample load with two draw–eject cycles, and washing with 310 µL of 0.1% formic acid in water with 5% isopropanol; the elution was made with 35 µL of 0.1% ammonium hydroxide in methanol. This fast extraction procedure allowed quantification in the ranges of 1–400 ng/mL for THC and CBD, 5–400 ng/mL for CBN and 11-OH-THC, and 10–400 ng/mL for THC-COOH with coefficients of determination higher than 0.99. The limits of quantification and detection were between 1 and 10 ng/mL using 0.25 mL of sample. The extraction efficiencies varied between 26 and 85%. This analytical method is the first allowing the for determination of cannabinoids in urine samples using MEPS, a fast, simple, and low-cost alternative to conventional techniques. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:30:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b105b3d3801d415cbbeef02117c5fd04 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:30:54Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-b105b3d3801d415cbbeef02117c5fd042023-11-23T13:43:08ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-08-012717550310.3390/molecules27175503The Determination of Cannabinoids in Urine Samples Using Microextraction by Packed Sorbent and Gas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryLuana M. Rosendo0Tiago Rosado1Patrik Oliveira2Ana Y. Simão3Cláudia Margalho4Suzel Costa5Luís A. Passarinha6Mário Barroso7Eugenia Gallardo8Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, PortugalCentro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, PortugalCentro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, PortugalCentro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, PortugalServiço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses-Delegação do Centro, 3000-213 Coimbra, PortugalServiço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses-Delegação do Sul, 1169-201 Lisboa, PortugalCentro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, PortugalServiço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses-Delegação do Sul, 1169-201 Lisboa, PortugalCentro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, PortugalCannabis is the most consumed illicit drug worldwide, and its legal status is a source of concern. This study proposes a rapid procedure for the simultaneous quantification of Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN) in urine samples. Microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) was used to pre-concentrate the analytes, which were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The procedure was previously optimized, and the final conditions were: conditioning with 50 µL methanol and 50 µL of water, sample load with two draw–eject cycles, and washing with 310 µL of 0.1% formic acid in water with 5% isopropanol; the elution was made with 35 µL of 0.1% ammonium hydroxide in methanol. This fast extraction procedure allowed quantification in the ranges of 1–400 ng/mL for THC and CBD, 5–400 ng/mL for CBN and 11-OH-THC, and 10–400 ng/mL for THC-COOH with coefficients of determination higher than 0.99. The limits of quantification and detection were between 1 and 10 ng/mL using 0.25 mL of sample. The extraction efficiencies varied between 26 and 85%. This analytical method is the first allowing the for determination of cannabinoids in urine samples using MEPS, a fast, simple, and low-cost alternative to conventional techniques.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/17/5503cannabinoidsΔ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinolurinemicroextraction by packed sorbentgas chromatography-mass spectrometry |
| spellingShingle | Luana M. Rosendo Tiago Rosado Patrik Oliveira Ana Y. Simão Cláudia Margalho Suzel Costa Luís A. Passarinha Mário Barroso Eugenia Gallardo The Determination of Cannabinoids in Urine Samples Using Microextraction by Packed Sorbent and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Molecules cannabinoids Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol urine microextraction by packed sorbent gas chromatography-mass spectrometry |
| title | The Determination of Cannabinoids in Urine Samples Using Microextraction by Packed Sorbent and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
| title_full | The Determination of Cannabinoids in Urine Samples Using Microextraction by Packed Sorbent and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
| title_fullStr | The Determination of Cannabinoids in Urine Samples Using Microextraction by Packed Sorbent and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Determination of Cannabinoids in Urine Samples Using Microextraction by Packed Sorbent and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
| title_short | The Determination of Cannabinoids in Urine Samples Using Microextraction by Packed Sorbent and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
| title_sort | determination of cannabinoids in urine samples using microextraction by packed sorbent and gas chromatography mass spectrometry |
| topic | cannabinoids Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol urine microextraction by packed sorbent gas chromatography-mass spectrometry |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/17/5503 |
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