Reconstruction of Daily Courses of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> Concentrations in Precipitation from Cumulative Samples
It is important to study precipitation chemistry to comprehend both atmospheric and environmental processes. The aim of this study was the reconstruction of daily concentration patterns of major ions in precipitation from samples exposed for longer and differing time periods. We explored sulphates (...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/7/1049 |
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| author | Iva Hůnová Marek Brabec Marek Malý Hana Škáchová |
| author_facet | Iva Hůnová Marek Brabec Marek Malý Hana Škáchová |
| author_sort | Iva Hůnová |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | It is important to study precipitation chemistry to comprehend both atmospheric and environmental processes. The aim of this study was the reconstruction of daily concentration patterns of major ions in precipitation from samples exposed for longer and differing time periods. We explored sulphates (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>), nitrates (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) and ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>) ions measured in precipitation within a nation-wide atmospheric deposition monitoring network in the Czech Republic during 1980–2020. We visualised the long-term trends at selected individual years for four stations, Praha 4-Libuš (LIB), Svratouch (SVR), Rudolice v Horách (RUD) and Souš (SOU), differing in geographical location and reflecting different environments. We found anticipated time trends reflecting the emission patterns of the precursors, i.e., sharp decreases in SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, milder decreases in NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> and steady states in NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> concentrations in precipitation. Statistically significant decreasing time trends in SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> concentrations in precipitation between 1990 and 2015 were revealed for the LIB and SVR sites. Spring maxima in April were found for all major ions at the LIB site and for NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> for the SVR site, for both past and current samples, whereas no distinct seasonal behaviour was recorded for NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> at the RUD and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> at the SVR sites. By applying Bayesian modelling and the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation approach, we were able to reconstruct the daily patterns of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> concentrations in precipitation, which might be further utilised for a wide range of tasks, including comparison of magnitudes and shapes between stations, grouping the decomposed daily data into the ecologically motivated time periods, as well as for logical checks of sampling and measurement reliability. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:42:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b12b3c0c59e14254acd9c88ae123dcff |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:42:43Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
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| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-b12b3c0c59e14254acd9c88ae123dcff2023-12-03T14:38:29ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332022-06-01137104910.3390/atmos13071049Reconstruction of Daily Courses of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> Concentrations in Precipitation from Cumulative SamplesIva Hůnová0Marek Brabec1Marek Malý2Hana Škáchová3Ambient Air Quality Department, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, 143 06 Prague, Czech RepublicInstitute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 07 Prague, Czech RepublicInstitute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 07 Prague, Czech RepublicAmbient Air Quality Department, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, 143 06 Prague, Czech RepublicIt is important to study precipitation chemistry to comprehend both atmospheric and environmental processes. The aim of this study was the reconstruction of daily concentration patterns of major ions in precipitation from samples exposed for longer and differing time periods. We explored sulphates (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>), nitrates (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) and ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>) ions measured in precipitation within a nation-wide atmospheric deposition monitoring network in the Czech Republic during 1980–2020. We visualised the long-term trends at selected individual years for four stations, Praha 4-Libuš (LIB), Svratouch (SVR), Rudolice v Horách (RUD) and Souš (SOU), differing in geographical location and reflecting different environments. We found anticipated time trends reflecting the emission patterns of the precursors, i.e., sharp decreases in SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, milder decreases in NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> and steady states in NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> concentrations in precipitation. Statistically significant decreasing time trends in SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> concentrations in precipitation between 1990 and 2015 were revealed for the LIB and SVR sites. Spring maxima in April were found for all major ions at the LIB site and for NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> for the SVR site, for both past and current samples, whereas no distinct seasonal behaviour was recorded for NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> at the RUD and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> at the SVR sites. By applying Bayesian modelling and the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation approach, we were able to reconstruct the daily patterns of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> concentrations in precipitation, which might be further utilised for a wide range of tasks, including comparison of magnitudes and shapes between stations, grouping the decomposed daily data into the ecologically motivated time periods, as well as for logical checks of sampling and measurement reliability.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/7/1049precipitation chemistryCentral Europelong-term trendstime seriesdata disaggregationBayesian modelling |
| spellingShingle | Iva Hůnová Marek Brabec Marek Malý Hana Škáchová Reconstruction of Daily Courses of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> Concentrations in Precipitation from Cumulative Samples Atmosphere precipitation chemistry Central Europe long-term trends time series data disaggregation Bayesian modelling |
| title | Reconstruction of Daily Courses of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> Concentrations in Precipitation from Cumulative Samples |
| title_full | Reconstruction of Daily Courses of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> Concentrations in Precipitation from Cumulative Samples |
| title_fullStr | Reconstruction of Daily Courses of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> Concentrations in Precipitation from Cumulative Samples |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reconstruction of Daily Courses of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> Concentrations in Precipitation from Cumulative Samples |
| title_short | Reconstruction of Daily Courses of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> Concentrations in Precipitation from Cumulative Samples |
| title_sort | reconstruction of daily courses of so sub 4 sub sup 2 sup no sub 3 sub sup sup nh sub 4 sub sup sup concentrations in precipitation from cumulative samples |
| topic | precipitation chemistry Central Europe long-term trends time series data disaggregation Bayesian modelling |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/7/1049 |
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