The Immune, Inflammatory and Hematological Response in COVID-19 Patients, According to the Severity of the Disease
Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune and inflammatory responses in COVID-19 patients by dosing specific IgM and IgG total antibodies and interleukin 6, correlating them with the hematological and biochemical blood parameters and comparing them by the form of the disease. Ma...
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/2/319 |
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| author | Felicia Trofin Eduard-Vasile Nastase Andrei Vâță Luminița Smaranda Iancu Cătălina Luncă Elena Roxana Buzilă Mădălina Alexandra Vlad Olivia Simona Dorneanu |
| author_facet | Felicia Trofin Eduard-Vasile Nastase Andrei Vâță Luminița Smaranda Iancu Cătălina Luncă Elena Roxana Buzilă Mădălina Alexandra Vlad Olivia Simona Dorneanu |
| author_sort | Felicia Trofin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune and inflammatory responses in COVID-19 patients by dosing specific IgM and IgG total antibodies and interleukin 6, correlating them with the hematological and biochemical blood parameters and comparing them by the form of the disease. Materials and methods: One hundred twenty-five patients with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed COVID-19, hospitalized between 15.03.2020 and 1.07.2020 in the Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Parascheva” Iaşi, were tested by chemiluminescence for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG and IL-6 in the serum. The results were correlated with the results of the CBC count and serum biochemical parameters detected on the admission day. The patients presented different forms of the disease (asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe, and critical) according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for the clinical management of COVID-19. Results: The amplitude of the immune response was directly correlated with the form of the disease. In the asymptomatic/mild form patients, the IL-6 and CRP concentrations were significantly higher and eosinophil count was significantly lower compared with the reference interval. In the moderate form, the concentrations of IL-6, CRP, and IgG were significantly higher, compared with the reference interval, while eosinophil count and eGFR were significantly lower. In severe/critical COVID-19 patients, IL-6, CRP, NLR, PLR, glucose, AST, urea, creatinine, and eGFR were significantly higher compared with the reference interval, while eosinophil count was significantly lower. IL-6 boosted in all forms of COVID-19, with a major increase in severe and critical patients. IL-6, neutrophil count, % neutrophils, NLR, PLR, CRP, AST, and urea increased with the severity of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the lymphocyte count, % lymphocytes, eosinophil count, % eosinophils, and hemoglobin decreased with the increased severity of COVID-19. Conclusions: The amplitude and the moment of appearance of the immune response depended on the form of the disease. IgM generally occurred in the first 14 days of illness, and IgG appeared beginning with the second week of disease. IgG titer increased rapidly until the fourth week of disease and decreased slowly after 4 weeks. The amplitudes of all the tested inflammatory and serological markers depended on the COVID-19 form, increasing somewhat in the moderate forms and even more in the critical ones. The lymphocyte and eosinophil count are able to predict the risk of severe COVID-19. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:24:32Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:24:32Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
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| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-b12c18ac148249a6b0a56c47086f92c12023-11-16T22:14:14ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072023-01-0111231910.3390/microorganisms11020319The Immune, Inflammatory and Hematological Response in COVID-19 Patients, According to the Severity of the DiseaseFelicia Trofin0Eduard-Vasile Nastase1Andrei Vâță2Luminița Smaranda Iancu3Cătălina Luncă4Elena Roxana Buzilă5Mădălina Alexandra Vlad6Olivia Simona Dorneanu7Microbiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, RomaniaClinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Parascheva”, 700116 Iasi, RomaniaClinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Parascheva”, 700116 Iasi, RomaniaMicrobiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, RomaniaMicrobiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, RomaniaMicrobiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, RomaniaMicrobiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, RomaniaMicrobiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, RomaniaIntroduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune and inflammatory responses in COVID-19 patients by dosing specific IgM and IgG total antibodies and interleukin 6, correlating them with the hematological and biochemical blood parameters and comparing them by the form of the disease. Materials and methods: One hundred twenty-five patients with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed COVID-19, hospitalized between 15.03.2020 and 1.07.2020 in the Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Parascheva” Iaşi, were tested by chemiluminescence for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG and IL-6 in the serum. The results were correlated with the results of the CBC count and serum biochemical parameters detected on the admission day. The patients presented different forms of the disease (asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe, and critical) according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for the clinical management of COVID-19. Results: The amplitude of the immune response was directly correlated with the form of the disease. In the asymptomatic/mild form patients, the IL-6 and CRP concentrations were significantly higher and eosinophil count was significantly lower compared with the reference interval. In the moderate form, the concentrations of IL-6, CRP, and IgG were significantly higher, compared with the reference interval, while eosinophil count and eGFR were significantly lower. In severe/critical COVID-19 patients, IL-6, CRP, NLR, PLR, glucose, AST, urea, creatinine, and eGFR were significantly higher compared with the reference interval, while eosinophil count was significantly lower. IL-6 boosted in all forms of COVID-19, with a major increase in severe and critical patients. IL-6, neutrophil count, % neutrophils, NLR, PLR, CRP, AST, and urea increased with the severity of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the lymphocyte count, % lymphocytes, eosinophil count, % eosinophils, and hemoglobin decreased with the increased severity of COVID-19. Conclusions: The amplitude and the moment of appearance of the immune response depended on the form of the disease. IgM generally occurred in the first 14 days of illness, and IgG appeared beginning with the second week of disease. IgG titer increased rapidly until the fourth week of disease and decreased slowly after 4 weeks. The amplitudes of all the tested inflammatory and serological markers depended on the COVID-19 form, increasing somewhat in the moderate forms and even more in the critical ones. The lymphocyte and eosinophil count are able to predict the risk of severe COVID-19.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/2/319immune responseIL-6SARS-CoV-2COVID-19severity forms |
| spellingShingle | Felicia Trofin Eduard-Vasile Nastase Andrei Vâță Luminița Smaranda Iancu Cătălina Luncă Elena Roxana Buzilă Mădălina Alexandra Vlad Olivia Simona Dorneanu The Immune, Inflammatory and Hematological Response in COVID-19 Patients, According to the Severity of the Disease Microorganisms immune response IL-6 SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 severity forms |
| title | The Immune, Inflammatory and Hematological Response in COVID-19 Patients, According to the Severity of the Disease |
| title_full | The Immune, Inflammatory and Hematological Response in COVID-19 Patients, According to the Severity of the Disease |
| title_fullStr | The Immune, Inflammatory and Hematological Response in COVID-19 Patients, According to the Severity of the Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Immune, Inflammatory and Hematological Response in COVID-19 Patients, According to the Severity of the Disease |
| title_short | The Immune, Inflammatory and Hematological Response in COVID-19 Patients, According to the Severity of the Disease |
| title_sort | immune inflammatory and hematological response in covid 19 patients according to the severity of the disease |
| topic | immune response IL-6 SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 severity forms |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/2/319 |
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