Metabolism of the Cyanogenic Glucosides in Developing Flax: Metabolic Analysis, and Expression Pattern of Genes
Cyanogenic glucosides (CG), the monoglycosides linamarin and lotaustralin, as well as the diglucosides linustatin and neolinustatin, have been identified in flax. The roles of CG and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), specifically the product of their breakdown, differ and are understood only to a certain exte...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-07-01
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| Series: | Metabolites |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/10/7/288 |
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| author | Magdalena Zuk Katarzyna Pelc Jakub Szperlik Agnieszka Sawula Jan Szopa |
| author_facet | Magdalena Zuk Katarzyna Pelc Jakub Szperlik Agnieszka Sawula Jan Szopa |
| author_sort | Magdalena Zuk |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cyanogenic glucosides (CG), the monoglycosides linamarin and lotaustralin, as well as the diglucosides linustatin and neolinustatin, have been identified in flax. The roles of CG and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), specifically the product of their breakdown, differ and are understood only to a certain extent. HCN is toxic to aerobic organisms as a respiratory inhibitor and to enzymes containing heavy metals. On the other hand, CG and HCN are important factors in the plant defense system against herbivores, insects and pathogens. In this study, fluctuations in CG levels during flax growth and development (using UPLC) and the expression of genes encoding key enzymes for their metabolism (valine <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">N</span>-monooxygenase, linamarase, cyanoalanine nitrilase and cyanoalanine synthase) using RT-PCR were analyzed. Linola cultivar and transgenic plants characterized by increased levels of sulfur amino acids were analyzed. This enabled the demonstration of a significant relationship between the cyanide detoxification process and general metabolism. Cyanogenic glucosides are used as nitrogen-containing precursors for the synthesis of amino acids, proteins and amines. Therefore, they not only perform protective functions against herbivores but are general plant growth regulators, especially since changes in their level have been shown to be strongly correlated with significant stages of plant development. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:30:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b1353d3343e04164916e7eb3cdbb3fac |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-1989 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:30:52Z |
| publishDate | 2020-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Metabolites |
| spelling | doaj.art-b1353d3343e04164916e7eb3cdbb3fac2023-11-20T06:40:58ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892020-07-0110728810.3390/metabo10070288Metabolism of the Cyanogenic Glucosides in Developing Flax: Metabolic Analysis, and Expression Pattern of GenesMagdalena Zuk0Katarzyna Pelc1Jakub Szperlik2Agnieszka Sawula3Jan Szopa4Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, PolandFaculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, PolandFaculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, PolandFaculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, PolandLinum Fundation, pl. Grunwaldzki 24A, 50-363 Wrocław, PolandCyanogenic glucosides (CG), the monoglycosides linamarin and lotaustralin, as well as the diglucosides linustatin and neolinustatin, have been identified in flax. The roles of CG and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), specifically the product of their breakdown, differ and are understood only to a certain extent. HCN is toxic to aerobic organisms as a respiratory inhibitor and to enzymes containing heavy metals. On the other hand, CG and HCN are important factors in the plant defense system against herbivores, insects and pathogens. In this study, fluctuations in CG levels during flax growth and development (using UPLC) and the expression of genes encoding key enzymes for their metabolism (valine <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">N</span>-monooxygenase, linamarase, cyanoalanine nitrilase and cyanoalanine synthase) using RT-PCR were analyzed. Linola cultivar and transgenic plants characterized by increased levels of sulfur amino acids were analyzed. This enabled the demonstration of a significant relationship between the cyanide detoxification process and general metabolism. Cyanogenic glucosides are used as nitrogen-containing precursors for the synthesis of amino acids, proteins and amines. Therefore, they not only perform protective functions against herbivores but are general plant growth regulators, especially since changes in their level have been shown to be strongly correlated with significant stages of plant development.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/10/7/288cyanogenic glucosidesvaline <span style="font-variant: small-caps">N</span>-monooxygenaselinamarasehydroxynitrylasecyanoalanine synthaseflax |
| spellingShingle | Magdalena Zuk Katarzyna Pelc Jakub Szperlik Agnieszka Sawula Jan Szopa Metabolism of the Cyanogenic Glucosides in Developing Flax: Metabolic Analysis, and Expression Pattern of Genes Metabolites cyanogenic glucosides valine <span style="font-variant: small-caps">N</span>-monooxygenase linamarase hydroxynitrylase cyanoalanine synthase flax |
| title | Metabolism of the Cyanogenic Glucosides in Developing Flax: Metabolic Analysis, and Expression Pattern of Genes |
| title_full | Metabolism of the Cyanogenic Glucosides in Developing Flax: Metabolic Analysis, and Expression Pattern of Genes |
| title_fullStr | Metabolism of the Cyanogenic Glucosides in Developing Flax: Metabolic Analysis, and Expression Pattern of Genes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Metabolism of the Cyanogenic Glucosides in Developing Flax: Metabolic Analysis, and Expression Pattern of Genes |
| title_short | Metabolism of the Cyanogenic Glucosides in Developing Flax: Metabolic Analysis, and Expression Pattern of Genes |
| title_sort | metabolism of the cyanogenic glucosides in developing flax metabolic analysis and expression pattern of genes |
| topic | cyanogenic glucosides valine <span style="font-variant: small-caps">N</span>-monooxygenase linamarase hydroxynitrylase cyanoalanine synthase flax |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/10/7/288 |
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