Impacts of Rainfall and Temperature Changes on Smallholder Agriculture in the Limpopo Province, South Africa
The intensity and frequency in the recurrence of extreme climate events are compounding the vulnerability of smallholder farmers, who have always lacked the resources to adapt. The increasing temperatures and decreasing rainfall are exacerbating water scarcity challenges through drought recurrence....
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-10-01
|
| Series: | Water |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/20/2872 |
| _version_ | 1797512945683398656 |
|---|---|
| author | Sydney Shikwambana Ntokozo Malaza Karabo Shale |
| author_facet | Sydney Shikwambana Ntokozo Malaza Karabo Shale |
| author_sort | Sydney Shikwambana |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The intensity and frequency in the recurrence of extreme climate events are compounding the vulnerability of smallholder farmers, who have always lacked the resources to adapt. The increasing temperatures and decreasing rainfall are exacerbating water scarcity challenges through drought recurrence. There is an urgent need for pathways that lead towards Sustainable Development Goals, mainly Goals 1 (no poverty) and 2 (zero hunger) in poor rural communities. This study assessed rainfall and temperature trends from 1960 to 2018 and their impacts on crop production in the Mopani and Vhembe Districts of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Trend analysis was used to analyse rainfall patterns, as well as the trends in temperature recorded for the past 58 years. The climate moisture index (CMI) and runoff estimates were used to assess the degree of aridity and water availability, respectively. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remotely sensed data were used to assess the changes over time. The total annual rainfall has declined significantly while annual minimum and maximum temperatures have increased significantly during the period under observation. An aridity index of −0.70 calculated for the study areas classifies the districts as dry and water scarce. The results of the analysis also indicate that the districts are climate change hot spots, and are highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The changes are compounding water and food insecurity. Policy and decision-makers should focus on enhancing adaptation and resilience initiatives in the study areas through systematic, transformative, and integrated approaches, such as scenario planning, circular economy, and nexus planning. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:08:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b17735cb3ec14281829440ba53a256a1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:08:45Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-b17735cb3ec14281829440ba53a256a12023-11-22T20:21:59ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412021-10-011320287210.3390/w13202872Impacts of Rainfall and Temperature Changes on Smallholder Agriculture in the Limpopo Province, South AfricaSydney Shikwambana0Ntokozo Malaza1Karabo Shale2Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Keizersgracht Street, Zonnebloem, Cape Town 7535, South AfricaFaculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Keizersgracht Street, Zonnebloem, Cape Town 7535, South AfricaFaculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Keizersgracht Street, Zonnebloem, Cape Town 7535, South AfricaThe intensity and frequency in the recurrence of extreme climate events are compounding the vulnerability of smallholder farmers, who have always lacked the resources to adapt. The increasing temperatures and decreasing rainfall are exacerbating water scarcity challenges through drought recurrence. There is an urgent need for pathways that lead towards Sustainable Development Goals, mainly Goals 1 (no poverty) and 2 (zero hunger) in poor rural communities. This study assessed rainfall and temperature trends from 1960 to 2018 and their impacts on crop production in the Mopani and Vhembe Districts of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Trend analysis was used to analyse rainfall patterns, as well as the trends in temperature recorded for the past 58 years. The climate moisture index (CMI) and runoff estimates were used to assess the degree of aridity and water availability, respectively. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remotely sensed data were used to assess the changes over time. The total annual rainfall has declined significantly while annual minimum and maximum temperatures have increased significantly during the period under observation. An aridity index of −0.70 calculated for the study areas classifies the districts as dry and water scarce. The results of the analysis also indicate that the districts are climate change hot spots, and are highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The changes are compounding water and food insecurity. Policy and decision-makers should focus on enhancing adaptation and resilience initiatives in the study areas through systematic, transformative, and integrated approaches, such as scenario planning, circular economy, and nexus planning.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/20/2872climate changeresilienceadaptationclimatic moisture indexsustainability |
| spellingShingle | Sydney Shikwambana Ntokozo Malaza Karabo Shale Impacts of Rainfall and Temperature Changes on Smallholder Agriculture in the Limpopo Province, South Africa Water climate change resilience adaptation climatic moisture index sustainability |
| title | Impacts of Rainfall and Temperature Changes on Smallholder Agriculture in the Limpopo Province, South Africa |
| title_full | Impacts of Rainfall and Temperature Changes on Smallholder Agriculture in the Limpopo Province, South Africa |
| title_fullStr | Impacts of Rainfall and Temperature Changes on Smallholder Agriculture in the Limpopo Province, South Africa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impacts of Rainfall and Temperature Changes on Smallholder Agriculture in the Limpopo Province, South Africa |
| title_short | Impacts of Rainfall and Temperature Changes on Smallholder Agriculture in the Limpopo Province, South Africa |
| title_sort | impacts of rainfall and temperature changes on smallholder agriculture in the limpopo province south africa |
| topic | climate change resilience adaptation climatic moisture index sustainability |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/20/2872 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sydneyshikwambana impactsofrainfallandtemperaturechangesonsmallholderagricultureinthelimpopoprovincesouthafrica AT ntokozomalaza impactsofrainfallandtemperaturechangesonsmallholderagricultureinthelimpopoprovincesouthafrica AT karaboshale impactsofrainfallandtemperaturechangesonsmallholderagricultureinthelimpopoprovincesouthafrica |