Comparison of Trace Element Deposition in <i>Cupressus macrocarpa</i> Leaves and Soils from a High-Pollution Area in the Puchuncaví Valley (Chile) Using a Biomonitoring Method
Located in the Puchuncaví Valley (PV) in central Chile is one of the most important and oldest industrial complexes (ICs) in the country. The PV is affected by anthropogenic emissions from the IC where the most important industry is a copper smelter and refinery. In this context, this study assessed...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/5/893 |
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| author | Tamara Gorena Franco Sandoval Ximena Fadic Francisco Cereceda-Balic |
| author_facet | Tamara Gorena Franco Sandoval Ximena Fadic Francisco Cereceda-Balic |
| author_sort | Tamara Gorena |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Located in the Puchuncaví Valley (PV) in central Chile is one of the most important and oldest industrial complexes (ICs) in the country. The PV is affected by anthropogenic emissions from the IC where the most important industry is a copper smelter and refinery. In this context, this study assessed the profile, concentration, and enrichment factors of the trace elements, both in the soil and in <i>Cupressus macrocarpa</i> leaves from this high-pollution-load area. The soil and leaf samples were taken from five selected sites, located between 0.8 and 15 km away from the IC. A total of 24 elements were analyzed by ICP-MS and examined by enrichment factor (EF), and PCA source analysis. Leaf concentrations of Ba, Ca, Cd, Cu, K, and Sr showed statistically significant differences between sampling sites (<i>p</i>-value < 0.05). In soil, element concentrations of Al, As, Ba, Cr, Cu, K, Li Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, and Ti showed statistically significant differences between sampling sites (<i>p</i>-value < 0.05). The source analysis of EFs in the samples of both soil and leaves detected three and four factors, respectively, related mainly to the industrial complex’s copper smelter and refinery, coal-fired power plants, and geogenic sources. According to the PCA, the leaf EFs of anthropogenic elements from copper smelting showed that La Greda (LG, site closest to the IC) was significantly enriched in the elements Cu, Zn, As, Mo, and Pb, while the EF in the soil from LG showed high enrichment in Cu and significant enrichment in Pb. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:56:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b194f4a2444e46989b8220719b6c01ef |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:56:58Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-b194f4a2444e46989b8220719b6c01ef2023-11-18T00:26:27ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332023-05-0114589310.3390/atmos14050893Comparison of Trace Element Deposition in <i>Cupressus macrocarpa</i> Leaves and Soils from a High-Pollution Area in the Puchuncaví Valley (Chile) Using a Biomonitoring MethodTamara Gorena0Franco Sandoval1Ximena Fadic2Francisco Cereceda-Balic3Departamento de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Victoria 631, Concepción 4070374, ChileCentre for Environmental Technologies (CETAM), Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María (UTFSM), General Bari 699, Valparaíso 2390123, ChileCentre for Environmental Technologies (CETAM), Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María (UTFSM), General Bari 699, Valparaíso 2390123, ChileCentre for Environmental Technologies (CETAM), Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María (UTFSM), General Bari 699, Valparaíso 2390123, ChileLocated in the Puchuncaví Valley (PV) in central Chile is one of the most important and oldest industrial complexes (ICs) in the country. The PV is affected by anthropogenic emissions from the IC where the most important industry is a copper smelter and refinery. In this context, this study assessed the profile, concentration, and enrichment factors of the trace elements, both in the soil and in <i>Cupressus macrocarpa</i> leaves from this high-pollution-load area. The soil and leaf samples were taken from five selected sites, located between 0.8 and 15 km away from the IC. A total of 24 elements were analyzed by ICP-MS and examined by enrichment factor (EF), and PCA source analysis. Leaf concentrations of Ba, Ca, Cd, Cu, K, and Sr showed statistically significant differences between sampling sites (<i>p</i>-value < 0.05). In soil, element concentrations of Al, As, Ba, Cr, Cu, K, Li Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, and Ti showed statistically significant differences between sampling sites (<i>p</i>-value < 0.05). The source analysis of EFs in the samples of both soil and leaves detected three and four factors, respectively, related mainly to the industrial complex’s copper smelter and refinery, coal-fired power plants, and geogenic sources. According to the PCA, the leaf EFs of anthropogenic elements from copper smelting showed that La Greda (LG, site closest to the IC) was significantly enriched in the elements Cu, Zn, As, Mo, and Pb, while the EF in the soil from LG showed high enrichment in Cu and significant enrichment in Pb.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/5/893trace elementscopper smeltingleaf biomonitoringsoil pollutionenrichment factor |
| spellingShingle | Tamara Gorena Franco Sandoval Ximena Fadic Francisco Cereceda-Balic Comparison of Trace Element Deposition in <i>Cupressus macrocarpa</i> Leaves and Soils from a High-Pollution Area in the Puchuncaví Valley (Chile) Using a Biomonitoring Method Atmosphere trace elements copper smelting leaf biomonitoring soil pollution enrichment factor |
| title | Comparison of Trace Element Deposition in <i>Cupressus macrocarpa</i> Leaves and Soils from a High-Pollution Area in the Puchuncaví Valley (Chile) Using a Biomonitoring Method |
| title_full | Comparison of Trace Element Deposition in <i>Cupressus macrocarpa</i> Leaves and Soils from a High-Pollution Area in the Puchuncaví Valley (Chile) Using a Biomonitoring Method |
| title_fullStr | Comparison of Trace Element Deposition in <i>Cupressus macrocarpa</i> Leaves and Soils from a High-Pollution Area in the Puchuncaví Valley (Chile) Using a Biomonitoring Method |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparison of Trace Element Deposition in <i>Cupressus macrocarpa</i> Leaves and Soils from a High-Pollution Area in the Puchuncaví Valley (Chile) Using a Biomonitoring Method |
| title_short | Comparison of Trace Element Deposition in <i>Cupressus macrocarpa</i> Leaves and Soils from a High-Pollution Area in the Puchuncaví Valley (Chile) Using a Biomonitoring Method |
| title_sort | comparison of trace element deposition in i cupressus macrocarpa i leaves and soils from a high pollution area in the puchuncavi valley chile using a biomonitoring method |
| topic | trace elements copper smelting leaf biomonitoring soil pollution enrichment factor |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/5/893 |
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