High-Efficiency Circularly Polarized Phased Array Based on 5 μm-Thick Nematic Liquid Crystals: Design, Over-The-Air Calibration, and Experimental Validation
This paper presents a systematic investigation and demonstration of a K-band circularly polarized liquid-crystal-based phased array (LCPA), including the design, over-the-air (OTA) in-array calibration, and experimental validation. The LCPA contains 16 phase-shifting radiating channels, each consist...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Engineering |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S209580992300423X |
| _version_ | 1797200902279397376 |
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| author | Xin Yu Wu Fengshuo Wan Hongyuan Feng Shichao Jin Chong Guo Yu Wei Dunge Liu Yuqian Yang Longzhu Cai Zhi Hao Jiang Wei Hong |
| author_facet | Xin Yu Wu Fengshuo Wan Hongyuan Feng Shichao Jin Chong Guo Yu Wei Dunge Liu Yuqian Yang Longzhu Cai Zhi Hao Jiang Wei Hong |
| author_sort | Xin Yu Wu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper presents a systematic investigation and demonstration of a K-band circularly polarized liquid-crystal-based phased array (LCPA), including the design, over-the-air (OTA) in-array calibration, and experimental validation. The LCPA contains 16 phase-shifting radiating channels, each consisting of a circularly polarized stacked patch antenna and a liquid-crystal-based phase shifter (LCPS) based on a loaded differential line structure. Thanks to its slow-wave properties, the LCPS exhibits a maximum phase-shifting range of more than 360° with a figure of merit of 78.3(° )·dB−1 based on a liquid crystal layer with a thickness of only 5 μm. Furthermore, an automatic OTA calibration based on a state ergodic method is proposed, which enables the extraction of the phase–voltage curve of every individual LCPA channel. The proposed LCPA is manufactured and characterized with a total profile of only 1.76 mm, experimentally demonstrating a scanned circularly polarized beam from −40° to +40° with a measured peak gain of 12.5 dBic and a scanning loss of less than 2.5 dB. The bandwidth of the LCPA, which satisfies the requirements of port reflection (|S11|) < −15 dB, an axial ratio (AR) < 3 dB, beam squinting < 3°, and a gain variation < 2.2 dB, spans from 25.5 to 26.0 GHz. The total efficiency is about 34%, which represents a new state of the art. The use of the demonstrated low-profile LCPA to support circularly polarized scanning beams, along with the systematic design and calibration methodology, holds potential promise for a variety of millimeter-wave applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T07:39:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b19fdc4afec240e7bbdba16cc88b519a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2095-8099 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T07:39:01Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Engineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-b19fdc4afec240e7bbdba16cc88b519a2024-04-20T04:17:21ZengElsevierEngineering2095-80992024-01-01326981High-Efficiency Circularly Polarized Phased Array Based on 5 μm-Thick Nematic Liquid Crystals: Design, Over-The-Air Calibration, and Experimental ValidationXin Yu Wu0Fengshuo Wan1Hongyuan Feng2Shichao Jin3Chong Guo4Yu Wei5Dunge Liu6Yuqian Yang7Longzhu Cai8Zhi Hao Jiang9Wei Hong10State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Space–Ground Integrated Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Satellite Information Engineering, Beijing 100095, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Research Institute of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Technology (RIMMATT), Nanjing 211111, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Space–Ground Integrated Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Satellite Information Engineering, Beijing 100095, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Space–Ground Integrated Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Satellite Information Engineering, Beijing 100095, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Research Institute of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Technology (RIMMATT), Nanjing 211111, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Research Institute of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Technology (RIMMATT), Nanjing 211111, China; Corresponding author.State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Research Institute of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Technology (RIMMATT), Nanjing 211111, ChinaThis paper presents a systematic investigation and demonstration of a K-band circularly polarized liquid-crystal-based phased array (LCPA), including the design, over-the-air (OTA) in-array calibration, and experimental validation. The LCPA contains 16 phase-shifting radiating channels, each consisting of a circularly polarized stacked patch antenna and a liquid-crystal-based phase shifter (LCPS) based on a loaded differential line structure. Thanks to its slow-wave properties, the LCPS exhibits a maximum phase-shifting range of more than 360° with a figure of merit of 78.3(° )·dB−1 based on a liquid crystal layer with a thickness of only 5 μm. Furthermore, an automatic OTA calibration based on a state ergodic method is proposed, which enables the extraction of the phase–voltage curve of every individual LCPA channel. The proposed LCPA is manufactured and characterized with a total profile of only 1.76 mm, experimentally demonstrating a scanned circularly polarized beam from −40° to +40° with a measured peak gain of 12.5 dBic and a scanning loss of less than 2.5 dB. The bandwidth of the LCPA, which satisfies the requirements of port reflection (|S11|) < −15 dB, an axial ratio (AR) < 3 dB, beam squinting < 3°, and a gain variation < 2.2 dB, spans from 25.5 to 26.0 GHz. The total efficiency is about 34%, which represents a new state of the art. The use of the demonstrated low-profile LCPA to support circularly polarized scanning beams, along with the systematic design and calibration methodology, holds potential promise for a variety of millimeter-wave applications.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S209580992300423XCircularly polarizedLiquid crystalLiquid-crystal based phased array (LCPA)Phase shifterOver-the-air (OTA) calibration |
| spellingShingle | Xin Yu Wu Fengshuo Wan Hongyuan Feng Shichao Jin Chong Guo Yu Wei Dunge Liu Yuqian Yang Longzhu Cai Zhi Hao Jiang Wei Hong High-Efficiency Circularly Polarized Phased Array Based on 5 μm-Thick Nematic Liquid Crystals: Design, Over-The-Air Calibration, and Experimental Validation Engineering Circularly polarized Liquid crystal Liquid-crystal based phased array (LCPA) Phase shifter Over-the-air (OTA) calibration |
| title | High-Efficiency Circularly Polarized Phased Array Based on 5 μm-Thick Nematic Liquid Crystals: Design, Over-The-Air Calibration, and Experimental Validation |
| title_full | High-Efficiency Circularly Polarized Phased Array Based on 5 μm-Thick Nematic Liquid Crystals: Design, Over-The-Air Calibration, and Experimental Validation |
| title_fullStr | High-Efficiency Circularly Polarized Phased Array Based on 5 μm-Thick Nematic Liquid Crystals: Design, Over-The-Air Calibration, and Experimental Validation |
| title_full_unstemmed | High-Efficiency Circularly Polarized Phased Array Based on 5 μm-Thick Nematic Liquid Crystals: Design, Over-The-Air Calibration, and Experimental Validation |
| title_short | High-Efficiency Circularly Polarized Phased Array Based on 5 μm-Thick Nematic Liquid Crystals: Design, Over-The-Air Calibration, and Experimental Validation |
| title_sort | high efficiency circularly polarized phased array based on 5 μm thick nematic liquid crystals design over the air calibration and experimental validation |
| topic | Circularly polarized Liquid crystal Liquid-crystal based phased array (LCPA) Phase shifter Over-the-air (OTA) calibration |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S209580992300423X |
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