Development of the QuEChERS Extraction Method for the Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) in Soil Samples by Using GC-MS
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been found in soil, which has typically been the result of industrial pollution in the past two decades. Although they are banned, PCBs can still be found in soils and other environmental media. For this reason, it is critical to develop an analytical method tha...
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| author | Samia Alsefri Thanih Balbaied Hanan Alatawi Ibtihaj Albalawi Anna Hogan Eric Moore |
| author_facet | Samia Alsefri Thanih Balbaied Hanan Alatawi Ibtihaj Albalawi Anna Hogan Eric Moore |
| author_sort | Samia Alsefri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been found in soil, which has typically been the result of industrial pollution in the past two decades. Although they are banned, PCBs can still be found in soils and other environmental media. For this reason, it is critical to develop an analytical method that can reliably identify and monitor their sources. This study describes a gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique, which was used to detect PCBs in soil samples by using a fast extraction method. Using the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method, PCBs were more effectively extracted from soil. Different related parameters, such as time of shaking and centrifuging, type of solvent, and clean-up adsorbents, were compared and optimized. As the extraction solvent, acetonitrile/water produced the best results, and as the dispersive solid-phase extraction sorbent, diatomaceous earth produced the best results. Procedures allowed recovery values between 95.3% and 103.2%. A limit of detection of 1.9 µg/kg was determined with relative standard deviations (n = 3) of 2.1–4.0% for intra-day assays and 3.6–5.8% for inter-day assays. It was demonstrated that the method was simple, sensitive, efficient, and environmentally friendly when applied to soil samples. To our knowledge, an integrated approach based on QuEChERS for the determination of Aroclor 1254 in soil has not been published before. It is believed that this approach will eliminate the significant challenge of sample extraction in GC-MS processing, which was considered to be a procedural challenge in previous analyses. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:32:19Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-b1b41b1ec185462891ac73cb71ef46472023-11-17T21:20:35ZengMDPI AGSeparations2297-87392023-04-0110425010.3390/separations10040250Development of the QuEChERS Extraction Method for the Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) in Soil Samples by Using GC-MSSamia Alsefri0Thanih Balbaied1Hanan Alatawi2Ibtihaj Albalawi3Anna Hogan4Eric Moore5Sensing and Separation Group, School of Chemistry and Life Science Interface, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12R5CP Cork, IrelandSensing and Separation Group, School of Chemistry and Life Science Interface, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12R5CP Cork, IrelandSensing and Separation Group, School of Chemistry and Life Science Interface, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12R5CP Cork, IrelandSensing and Separation Group, School of Chemistry and Life Science Interface, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12R5CP Cork, IrelandSchool of Chemistry, University College Cork, T12R5CP Cork, IrelandSchool of Chemistry, University College Cork, T12R5CP Cork, IrelandPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been found in soil, which has typically been the result of industrial pollution in the past two decades. Although they are banned, PCBs can still be found in soils and other environmental media. For this reason, it is critical to develop an analytical method that can reliably identify and monitor their sources. This study describes a gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique, which was used to detect PCBs in soil samples by using a fast extraction method. Using the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method, PCBs were more effectively extracted from soil. Different related parameters, such as time of shaking and centrifuging, type of solvent, and clean-up adsorbents, were compared and optimized. As the extraction solvent, acetonitrile/water produced the best results, and as the dispersive solid-phase extraction sorbent, diatomaceous earth produced the best results. Procedures allowed recovery values between 95.3% and 103.2%. A limit of detection of 1.9 µg/kg was determined with relative standard deviations (n = 3) of 2.1–4.0% for intra-day assays and 3.6–5.8% for inter-day assays. It was demonstrated that the method was simple, sensitive, efficient, and environmentally friendly when applied to soil samples. To our knowledge, an integrated approach based on QuEChERS for the determination of Aroclor 1254 in soil has not been published before. It is believed that this approach will eliminate the significant challenge of sample extraction in GC-MS processing, which was considered to be a procedural challenge in previous analyses.https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/10/4/250polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)quickeasycheapeffectiverugged |
| spellingShingle | Samia Alsefri Thanih Balbaied Hanan Alatawi Ibtihaj Albalawi Anna Hogan Eric Moore Development of the QuEChERS Extraction Method for the Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) in Soil Samples by Using GC-MS Separations polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) quick easy cheap effective rugged |
| title | Development of the QuEChERS Extraction Method for the Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) in Soil Samples by Using GC-MS |
| title_full | Development of the QuEChERS Extraction Method for the Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) in Soil Samples by Using GC-MS |
| title_fullStr | Development of the QuEChERS Extraction Method for the Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) in Soil Samples by Using GC-MS |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of the QuEChERS Extraction Method for the Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) in Soil Samples by Using GC-MS |
| title_short | Development of the QuEChERS Extraction Method for the Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) in Soil Samples by Using GC-MS |
| title_sort | development of the quechers extraction method for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls aroclor 1254 in soil samples by using gc ms |
| topic | polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) quick easy cheap effective rugged |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/10/4/250 |
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