Contamination of Soil, Water, Fresh Produce, and Bivalve Mollusks with <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Oocysts: A Systematic Review
<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> is a major foodborne pathogen capable of infecting all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Although oocyst-associated toxoplasmosis outbreaks have been documented, the relevance of the environmental transmission route remains poorly investigated. Thus, we car...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/3/517 |
| _version_ | 1827627555617767424 |
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| author | Nadia María López Ureña Umer Chaudhry Rafael Calero Bernal Santiago Cano Alsua Davide Messina Francisco Evangelista Martha Betson Marco Lalle Pikka Jokelainen Luis Miguel Ortega Mora Gema Álvarez García |
| author_facet | Nadia María López Ureña Umer Chaudhry Rafael Calero Bernal Santiago Cano Alsua Davide Messina Francisco Evangelista Martha Betson Marco Lalle Pikka Jokelainen Luis Miguel Ortega Mora Gema Álvarez García |
| author_sort | Nadia María López Ureña |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> is a major foodborne pathogen capable of infecting all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Although oocyst-associated toxoplasmosis outbreaks have been documented, the relevance of the environmental transmission route remains poorly investigated. Thus, we carried out an extensive systematic review on <i>T. gondii</i> oocyst contamination of soil, water, fresh produce, and mollusk bivalves, following the PRISMA guidelines. Studies published up to the end of 2020 were searched for in public databases and screened. The reference sections of the selected articles were examined to identify additional studies. A total of 102 out of 3201 articles were selected: 34 articles focused on soil, 40 focused on water, 23 focused on fresh produce (vegetables/fruits), and 21 focused on bivalve mollusks. <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> oocysts were found in all matrices worldwide, with detection rates ranging from 0.09% (1/1109) to 100% (8/8) using bioassay or PCR-based detection methods. There was a high heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup> = 98.9%), which was influenced by both the sampling strategy (e.g., sampling site and sample type, sample composition, sample origin, season, number of samples, cat presence) and methodology (recovery and detection methods). Harmonized approaches are needed for the detection of <i>T. gondii</i> in different environmental matrices in order to obtain robust and comparable results. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:16:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b1d1a5b1556a4cfd8a67cc9dee7e64e6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:16:44Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-b1d1a5b1556a4cfd8a67cc9dee7e64e62023-11-30T21:35:23ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072022-02-0110351710.3390/microorganisms10030517Contamination of Soil, Water, Fresh Produce, and Bivalve Mollusks with <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Oocysts: A Systematic ReviewNadia María López Ureña0Umer Chaudhry1Rafael Calero Bernal2Santiago Cano Alsua3Davide Messina4Francisco Evangelista5Martha Betson6Marco Lalle7Pikka Jokelainen8Luis Miguel Ortega Mora9Gema Álvarez García10SALUVET Research Group, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, SpainVeterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UKSALUVET Research Group, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, SpainComputing Services, Research Support Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, SpainVeterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UKVeterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UKVeterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UKUnit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, ItalyDepartment of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2300 Copenhagen, DenmarkSALUVET Research Group, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, SpainSALUVET Research Group, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> is a major foodborne pathogen capable of infecting all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Although oocyst-associated toxoplasmosis outbreaks have been documented, the relevance of the environmental transmission route remains poorly investigated. Thus, we carried out an extensive systematic review on <i>T. gondii</i> oocyst contamination of soil, water, fresh produce, and mollusk bivalves, following the PRISMA guidelines. Studies published up to the end of 2020 were searched for in public databases and screened. The reference sections of the selected articles were examined to identify additional studies. A total of 102 out of 3201 articles were selected: 34 articles focused on soil, 40 focused on water, 23 focused on fresh produce (vegetables/fruits), and 21 focused on bivalve mollusks. <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> oocysts were found in all matrices worldwide, with detection rates ranging from 0.09% (1/1109) to 100% (8/8) using bioassay or PCR-based detection methods. There was a high heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup> = 98.9%), which was influenced by both the sampling strategy (e.g., sampling site and sample type, sample composition, sample origin, season, number of samples, cat presence) and methodology (recovery and detection methods). Harmonized approaches are needed for the detection of <i>T. gondii</i> in different environmental matrices in order to obtain robust and comparable results.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/3/517<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>oocystsenvironmentsoilwaterfresh produce |
| spellingShingle | Nadia María López Ureña Umer Chaudhry Rafael Calero Bernal Santiago Cano Alsua Davide Messina Francisco Evangelista Martha Betson Marco Lalle Pikka Jokelainen Luis Miguel Ortega Mora Gema Álvarez García Contamination of Soil, Water, Fresh Produce, and Bivalve Mollusks with <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Oocysts: A Systematic Review Microorganisms <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> oocysts environment soil water fresh produce |
| title | Contamination of Soil, Water, Fresh Produce, and Bivalve Mollusks with <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Oocysts: A Systematic Review |
| title_full | Contamination of Soil, Water, Fresh Produce, and Bivalve Mollusks with <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Oocysts: A Systematic Review |
| title_fullStr | Contamination of Soil, Water, Fresh Produce, and Bivalve Mollusks with <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Oocysts: A Systematic Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Contamination of Soil, Water, Fresh Produce, and Bivalve Mollusks with <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Oocysts: A Systematic Review |
| title_short | Contamination of Soil, Water, Fresh Produce, and Bivalve Mollusks with <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Oocysts: A Systematic Review |
| title_sort | contamination of soil water fresh produce and bivalve mollusks with i toxoplasma gondii i oocysts a systematic review |
| topic | <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> oocysts environment soil water fresh produce |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/3/517 |
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