Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Assessment of the Aerial Parts from Three Mediterranean <i>Alkanna</i> Species (<i>A. orientalis</i>, <i>A. tinctoria</i>, <i>A. kotschyana</i>) in the Boraginaceae Family
This study focuses on the phytochemical analysis of the aerial parts of three <i>Alkanna</i> species: <i>A. orientalis</i> (L.) Boiss., <i>A. tinctoria</i> Tausch. and <i>A. kotschyana</i> A. DC. (Boraginaceae) growing wild in the Mediterranean basin,...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-01-01
|
| Series: | Plants |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/2/278 |
| _version_ | 1797339431740375040 |
|---|---|
| author | Christos Ganos Gökhan Zengin Ioanna Chinou Nektarios Aligiannis Konstantia Graikou |
| author_facet | Christos Ganos Gökhan Zengin Ioanna Chinou Nektarios Aligiannis Konstantia Graikou |
| author_sort | Christos Ganos |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study focuses on the phytochemical analysis of the aerial parts of three <i>Alkanna</i> species: <i>A. orientalis</i> (L.) Boiss., <i>A. tinctoria</i> Tausch. and <i>A. kotschyana</i> A. DC. (Boraginaceae) growing wild in the Mediterranean basin, as mostly the roots of the genus have been widely researched. Their methanol extracts were subjected to qualitative LC-MS analyses, resulting in the annotation of 28 different secondary metabolites, with 27 originating from <i>A. orientalis</i>, 25 from <i>A. tinctoria</i> and 23 from <i>A. kotschyana</i>. The detected metabolites are categorized into three chemical types: organic acids (2), flavonoids and their glycosides (17), and caffeic acid derivatives (9). Furthermore, the chemical profiles of the three species are discussed chemotaxonomically. Caffeic acid and its derivatives, along with glucosides of quercetin and kaempferol, were identified in all three studied species. Additionally, their total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated through various chemical assays, as well as their in vitro enzyme inhibitory properties towards cholinesterases (AChE and BChE), α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The results showed that <i>A. tinctoria</i> exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity (211 mgTE/g extract in DPPH and 366 mgTE/g extract in ABTS), probably due to its high total phenolic (53.3 mgGAE/g extract) and flavonoid (20.8 mgRE/g extract) content, followed by <i>A. kotschyana</i>. These chemical and biological findings provide valuable insights for potential promising applications of the aerial parts of the species outside of the well-known uses of their roots. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:48:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b1d7fdf23b094ef8bd77c8483f393395 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:48:00Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-b1d7fdf23b094ef8bd77c8483f3933952024-01-29T14:11:47ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472024-01-0113227810.3390/plants13020278Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Assessment of the Aerial Parts from Three Mediterranean <i>Alkanna</i> Species (<i>A. orientalis</i>, <i>A. tinctoria</i>, <i>A. kotschyana</i>) in the Boraginaceae FamilyChristos Ganos0Gökhan Zengin1Ioanna Chinou2Nektarios Aligiannis3Konstantia Graikou4Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, 15771 Athens, GreeceLaboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42130 Konya, TurkeyLaboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, 15771 Athens, GreeceLaboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, 15771 Athens, GreeceLaboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, 15771 Athens, GreeceThis study focuses on the phytochemical analysis of the aerial parts of three <i>Alkanna</i> species: <i>A. orientalis</i> (L.) Boiss., <i>A. tinctoria</i> Tausch. and <i>A. kotschyana</i> A. DC. (Boraginaceae) growing wild in the Mediterranean basin, as mostly the roots of the genus have been widely researched. Their methanol extracts were subjected to qualitative LC-MS analyses, resulting in the annotation of 28 different secondary metabolites, with 27 originating from <i>A. orientalis</i>, 25 from <i>A. tinctoria</i> and 23 from <i>A. kotschyana</i>. The detected metabolites are categorized into three chemical types: organic acids (2), flavonoids and their glycosides (17), and caffeic acid derivatives (9). Furthermore, the chemical profiles of the three species are discussed chemotaxonomically. Caffeic acid and its derivatives, along with glucosides of quercetin and kaempferol, were identified in all three studied species. Additionally, their total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated through various chemical assays, as well as their in vitro enzyme inhibitory properties towards cholinesterases (AChE and BChE), α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The results showed that <i>A. tinctoria</i> exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity (211 mgTE/g extract in DPPH and 366 mgTE/g extract in ABTS), probably due to its high total phenolic (53.3 mgGAE/g extract) and flavonoid (20.8 mgRE/g extract) content, followed by <i>A. kotschyana</i>. These chemical and biological findings provide valuable insights for potential promising applications of the aerial parts of the species outside of the well-known uses of their roots.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/2/278<i>Alkanna orientalis</i><i>A. tinctoria</i><i>A. kotschyana</i>aerial partsBoraginaceaephenolic compounds |
| spellingShingle | Christos Ganos Gökhan Zengin Ioanna Chinou Nektarios Aligiannis Konstantia Graikou Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Assessment of the Aerial Parts from Three Mediterranean <i>Alkanna</i> Species (<i>A. orientalis</i>, <i>A. tinctoria</i>, <i>A. kotschyana</i>) in the Boraginaceae Family Plants <i>Alkanna orientalis</i> <i>A. tinctoria</i> <i>A. kotschyana</i> aerial parts Boraginaceae phenolic compounds |
| title | Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Assessment of the Aerial Parts from Three Mediterranean <i>Alkanna</i> Species (<i>A. orientalis</i>, <i>A. tinctoria</i>, <i>A. kotschyana</i>) in the Boraginaceae Family |
| title_full | Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Assessment of the Aerial Parts from Three Mediterranean <i>Alkanna</i> Species (<i>A. orientalis</i>, <i>A. tinctoria</i>, <i>A. kotschyana</i>) in the Boraginaceae Family |
| title_fullStr | Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Assessment of the Aerial Parts from Three Mediterranean <i>Alkanna</i> Species (<i>A. orientalis</i>, <i>A. tinctoria</i>, <i>A. kotschyana</i>) in the Boraginaceae Family |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Assessment of the Aerial Parts from Three Mediterranean <i>Alkanna</i> Species (<i>A. orientalis</i>, <i>A. tinctoria</i>, <i>A. kotschyana</i>) in the Boraginaceae Family |
| title_short | Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Assessment of the Aerial Parts from Three Mediterranean <i>Alkanna</i> Species (<i>A. orientalis</i>, <i>A. tinctoria</i>, <i>A. kotschyana</i>) in the Boraginaceae Family |
| title_sort | phytochemical profiling and biological assessment of the aerial parts from three mediterranean i alkanna i species i a orientalis i i a tinctoria i i a kotschyana i in the boraginaceae family |
| topic | <i>Alkanna orientalis</i> <i>A. tinctoria</i> <i>A. kotschyana</i> aerial parts Boraginaceae phenolic compounds |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/2/278 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT christosganos phytochemicalprofilingandbiologicalassessmentoftheaerialpartsfromthreemediterraneanialkannaispeciesiaorientalisiiatinctoriaiiakotschyanaiintheboraginaceaefamily AT gokhanzengin phytochemicalprofilingandbiologicalassessmentoftheaerialpartsfromthreemediterraneanialkannaispeciesiaorientalisiiatinctoriaiiakotschyanaiintheboraginaceaefamily AT ioannachinou phytochemicalprofilingandbiologicalassessmentoftheaerialpartsfromthreemediterraneanialkannaispeciesiaorientalisiiatinctoriaiiakotschyanaiintheboraginaceaefamily AT nektariosaligiannis phytochemicalprofilingandbiologicalassessmentoftheaerialpartsfromthreemediterraneanialkannaispeciesiaorientalisiiatinctoriaiiakotschyanaiintheboraginaceaefamily AT konstantiagraikou phytochemicalprofilingandbiologicalassessmentoftheaerialpartsfromthreemediterraneanialkannaispeciesiaorientalisiiatinctoriaiiakotschyanaiintheboraginaceaefamily |