Determination of p-Phenylenediamine Antioxidants in Zebrafish Embryos by Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Ultrasonic Extraction
p-Phenylenediamine antioxidants (PPDs) are rubber antioxidants that can suppress oxidation, heat, or light radiation to delay the aging of polymer components and extend the service life of rubber products. In recent years, PPDs have been found in the environment, and their ecological risks remain la...
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Editorial Board of Journal of Chinese Mass Spectrometry Society
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Zhipu Xuebao |
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| Online Access: | http://www.jcmss.com.cn/CN/article/openArticlePDF.jsp?attachType=PDF&id=3146 |
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| author | LIU Qian-yi1 LIAO Xiao-liang1 ZHOU Jia-ming1 CHEN Zhi-feng1 CAI Zong-wei1,2 |
| author_facet | LIU Qian-yi1 LIAO Xiao-liang1 ZHOU Jia-ming1 CHEN Zhi-feng1 CAI Zong-wei1,2 |
| author_sort | LIU Qian-yi1 |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | p-Phenylenediamine antioxidants (PPDs) are rubber antioxidants that can suppress oxidation, heat, or light radiation to delay the aging of polymer components and extend the service life of rubber products. In recent years, PPDs have been found in the environment, and their ecological risks remain largely unknown, which cause widespread concern. In this work, a method of gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) with ultrasonic extraction was developed for the determination of PPDs in zebrafish embryos. In order to have good performance, extraction solvents and sorbents were optimized. Under optimal conditions, embryonic samples were combined with 5 mL of dichloromethane and ultrasonically extracted for 15 min. The extraction procedure was repeated twice, after that the resulting extracts were purified by 0.1 g primary secondary amine (PSA). Based on internal standard method, the analytes were detected using GC-MS/MS in selective reaction monitoring (SRM) mode with optimal parameters. The results showed that the chromatographic peaks of analyte were completely separated, and the baseline was smooth. The correlation coefficient (R2) of each analyte exceeded 0.99 in the concentration range of 0.1-200 μg/L. Method detection limits (MDLs) and method quantification limits (MQLs) were in the range of 0.38-0.68 ng/g and 1.28-2.28 ng/g, respectively. Except for the average recovery of N,N′-bis(methylphenyl)-1,4-benzenediamine (DTPD), which was higher than 120%, the average recoveries of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), N-phenyl-N′-cyclohexyl-p-phenylenediamine (CPPD) and N-isopropyl-N′-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (IPPD) were 73.1%-109%, and the intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 2.97%-15.0% and 4.76%-18.8%, respectively. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of this method, it was applied to detect PPDs in zebrafish embryos exposed to PPDs. The results indicated that PPD concentrations were 12.5-16.4 ng/g. After calculation, the measured bioconcentration factors of each analyte within 48 h were 1.70-33.6 L/kg. These values were much lower than the corresponding predicted bioconcentration factors, because PPD concentrations in vivo had not reached equilibrium during the exposure time of 48 h. This method is simple, sensitive, and suitable for the detection of PPDs in zebrafish embryos, which facilitates future bioaccumulation and toxicity mechanism studies for a comprehensive assessment of the ecological risks of PPDs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-09T19:17:07Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-09T19:17:07Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
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| series | Zhipu Xuebao |
| spelling | doaj.art-b1e870268f1e4e27ae1d0765a509e7412023-04-06T03:04:17ZengEditorial Board of Journal of Chinese Mass Spectrometry SocietyZhipu Xuebao1004-29972023-03-0144231432010.7538/zpxb.2023.0003Determination of p-Phenylenediamine Antioxidants in Zebrafish Embryos by Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Ultrasonic ExtractionLIU Qian-yi10LIAO Xiao-liang11ZHOU Jia-ming12CHEN Zhi-feng13CAI Zong-wei1,241. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology; 2. State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist Universityp-Phenylenediamine antioxidants (PPDs) are rubber antioxidants that can suppress oxidation, heat, or light radiation to delay the aging of polymer components and extend the service life of rubber products. In recent years, PPDs have been found in the environment, and their ecological risks remain largely unknown, which cause widespread concern. In this work, a method of gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) with ultrasonic extraction was developed for the determination of PPDs in zebrafish embryos. In order to have good performance, extraction solvents and sorbents were optimized. Under optimal conditions, embryonic samples were combined with 5 mL of dichloromethane and ultrasonically extracted for 15 min. The extraction procedure was repeated twice, after that the resulting extracts were purified by 0.1 g primary secondary amine (PSA). Based on internal standard method, the analytes were detected using GC-MS/MS in selective reaction monitoring (SRM) mode with optimal parameters. The results showed that the chromatographic peaks of analyte were completely separated, and the baseline was smooth. The correlation coefficient (R2) of each analyte exceeded 0.99 in the concentration range of 0.1-200 μg/L. Method detection limits (MDLs) and method quantification limits (MQLs) were in the range of 0.38-0.68 ng/g and 1.28-2.28 ng/g, respectively. Except for the average recovery of N,N′-bis(methylphenyl)-1,4-benzenediamine (DTPD), which was higher than 120%, the average recoveries of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), N-phenyl-N′-cyclohexyl-p-phenylenediamine (CPPD) and N-isopropyl-N′-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (IPPD) were 73.1%-109%, and the intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 2.97%-15.0% and 4.76%-18.8%, respectively. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of this method, it was applied to detect PPDs in zebrafish embryos exposed to PPDs. The results indicated that PPD concentrations were 12.5-16.4 ng/g. After calculation, the measured bioconcentration factors of each analyte within 48 h were 1.70-33.6 L/kg. These values were much lower than the corresponding predicted bioconcentration factors, because PPD concentrations in vivo had not reached equilibrium during the exposure time of 48 h. This method is simple, sensitive, and suitable for the detection of PPDs in zebrafish embryos, which facilitates future bioaccumulation and toxicity mechanism studies for a comprehensive assessment of the ecological risks of PPDs.http://www.jcmss.com.cn/CN/article/openArticlePDF.jsp?attachType=PDF&id=3146p-phenylenediamine antioxidants (ppds)zebrafish embryosultrasonic extractiongas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (gc-ms/ms) |
| spellingShingle | LIU Qian-yi1 LIAO Xiao-liang1 ZHOU Jia-ming1 CHEN Zhi-feng1 CAI Zong-wei1,2 Determination of p-Phenylenediamine Antioxidants in Zebrafish Embryos by Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Ultrasonic Extraction Zhipu Xuebao p-phenylenediamine antioxidants (ppds) zebrafish embryos ultrasonic extraction gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (gc-ms/ms) |
| title | Determination of p-Phenylenediamine Antioxidants in Zebrafish Embryos by Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Ultrasonic Extraction |
| title_full | Determination of p-Phenylenediamine Antioxidants in Zebrafish Embryos by Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Ultrasonic Extraction |
| title_fullStr | Determination of p-Phenylenediamine Antioxidants in Zebrafish Embryos by Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Ultrasonic Extraction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determination of p-Phenylenediamine Antioxidants in Zebrafish Embryos by Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Ultrasonic Extraction |
| title_short | Determination of p-Phenylenediamine Antioxidants in Zebrafish Embryos by Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Ultrasonic Extraction |
| title_sort | determination of p phenylenediamine antioxidants in zebrafish embryos by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with ultrasonic extraction |
| topic | p-phenylenediamine antioxidants (ppds) zebrafish embryos ultrasonic extraction gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (gc-ms/ms) |
| url | http://www.jcmss.com.cn/CN/article/openArticlePDF.jsp?attachType=PDF&id=3146 |
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