Butyrate producers, “The Sentinel of Gut”: Their intestinal significance with and beyond butyrate, and prospective use as microbial therapeutics
Gut-microbial butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) of significant physiological importance than the other major SCFAs (acetate and propionate). Most butyrate producers belong to the Clostridium cluster of the phylum Firmicutes, such as Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Eubacterium, Anaerostipes, C...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-01-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Microbiology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1103836/full |
| _version_ | 1797955374350860288 |
|---|---|
| author | Vineet Singh GyuDae Lee HyunWoo Son Hong Koh Eun Soo Kim Tatsuya Unno Jae-Ho Shin Jae-Ho Shin |
| author_facet | Vineet Singh GyuDae Lee HyunWoo Son Hong Koh Eun Soo Kim Tatsuya Unno Jae-Ho Shin Jae-Ho Shin |
| author_sort | Vineet Singh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Gut-microbial butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) of significant physiological importance than the other major SCFAs (acetate and propionate). Most butyrate producers belong to the Clostridium cluster of the phylum Firmicutes, such as Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Eubacterium, Anaerostipes, Coprococcus, Subdoligranulum, and Anaerobutyricum. They metabolize carbohydrates via the butyryl-CoA: acetate CoA-transferase pathway and butyrate kinase terminal enzymes to produce most of butyrate. Although, in minor fractions, amino acids can also be utilized to generate butyrate via glutamate and lysine pathways. Butyrogenic microbes play a vital role in various gut-associated metabolisms. Butyrate is used by colonocytes to generate energy, stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor to maintain the anaerobic environment in the gut, maintains gut barrier integrity by regulating Claudin-1 and synaptopodin expression, limits pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12), and inhibits oncogenic pathways (Akt/ERK, Wnt, and TGF-β signaling). Colonic butyrate producers shape the gut microbial community by secreting various anti-microbial substances, such as cathelicidins, reuterin, and β-defensin-1, and maintain gut homeostasis by releasing anti-inflammatory molecules, such as IgA, vitamin B, and microbial anti-inflammatory molecules. Additionally, butyrate producers, such as Roseburia, produce anti-carcinogenic metabolites, such as shikimic acid and a precursor of conjugated linoleic acid. In this review, we summarized the significance of butyrate, critically examined the role and relevance of butyrate producers, and contextualized their importance as microbial therapeutics. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T23:32:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b20243efe723446ea74cb36279c26edf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-302X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T23:32:05Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-b20243efe723446ea74cb36279c26edf2023-01-12T05:07:35ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2023-01-011310.3389/fmicb.2022.11038361103836Butyrate producers, “The Sentinel of Gut”: Their intestinal significance with and beyond butyrate, and prospective use as microbial therapeuticsVineet Singh0GyuDae Lee1HyunWoo Son2Hong Koh3Eun Soo Kim4Tatsuya Unno5Jae-Ho Shin6Jae-Ho Shin7Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Pediatrics, Severance Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of KoreaFaculty of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Integrative Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of KoreaGut-microbial butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) of significant physiological importance than the other major SCFAs (acetate and propionate). Most butyrate producers belong to the Clostridium cluster of the phylum Firmicutes, such as Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Eubacterium, Anaerostipes, Coprococcus, Subdoligranulum, and Anaerobutyricum. They metabolize carbohydrates via the butyryl-CoA: acetate CoA-transferase pathway and butyrate kinase terminal enzymes to produce most of butyrate. Although, in minor fractions, amino acids can also be utilized to generate butyrate via glutamate and lysine pathways. Butyrogenic microbes play a vital role in various gut-associated metabolisms. Butyrate is used by colonocytes to generate energy, stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor to maintain the anaerobic environment in the gut, maintains gut barrier integrity by regulating Claudin-1 and synaptopodin expression, limits pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12), and inhibits oncogenic pathways (Akt/ERK, Wnt, and TGF-β signaling). Colonic butyrate producers shape the gut microbial community by secreting various anti-microbial substances, such as cathelicidins, reuterin, and β-defensin-1, and maintain gut homeostasis by releasing anti-inflammatory molecules, such as IgA, vitamin B, and microbial anti-inflammatory molecules. Additionally, butyrate producers, such as Roseburia, produce anti-carcinogenic metabolites, such as shikimic acid and a precursor of conjugated linoleic acid. In this review, we summarized the significance of butyrate, critically examined the role and relevance of butyrate producers, and contextualized their importance as microbial therapeutics.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1103836/fullbutyrate producersmicrobial homeostasisgut epithelial barrierimmunomodulationgut inflammationcolorectal cancer |
| spellingShingle | Vineet Singh GyuDae Lee HyunWoo Son Hong Koh Eun Soo Kim Tatsuya Unno Jae-Ho Shin Jae-Ho Shin Butyrate producers, “The Sentinel of Gut”: Their intestinal significance with and beyond butyrate, and prospective use as microbial therapeutics Frontiers in Microbiology butyrate producers microbial homeostasis gut epithelial barrier immunomodulation gut inflammation colorectal cancer |
| title | Butyrate producers, “The Sentinel of Gut”: Their intestinal significance with and beyond butyrate, and prospective use as microbial therapeutics |
| title_full | Butyrate producers, “The Sentinel of Gut”: Their intestinal significance with and beyond butyrate, and prospective use as microbial therapeutics |
| title_fullStr | Butyrate producers, “The Sentinel of Gut”: Their intestinal significance with and beyond butyrate, and prospective use as microbial therapeutics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Butyrate producers, “The Sentinel of Gut”: Their intestinal significance with and beyond butyrate, and prospective use as microbial therapeutics |
| title_short | Butyrate producers, “The Sentinel of Gut”: Their intestinal significance with and beyond butyrate, and prospective use as microbial therapeutics |
| title_sort | butyrate producers the sentinel of gut their intestinal significance with and beyond butyrate and prospective use as microbial therapeutics |
| topic | butyrate producers microbial homeostasis gut epithelial barrier immunomodulation gut inflammation colorectal cancer |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1103836/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT vineetsingh butyrateproducersthesentinelofguttheirintestinalsignificancewithandbeyondbutyrateandprospectiveuseasmicrobialtherapeutics AT gyudaelee butyrateproducersthesentinelofguttheirintestinalsignificancewithandbeyondbutyrateandprospectiveuseasmicrobialtherapeutics AT hyunwooson butyrateproducersthesentinelofguttheirintestinalsignificancewithandbeyondbutyrateandprospectiveuseasmicrobialtherapeutics AT hongkoh butyrateproducersthesentinelofguttheirintestinalsignificancewithandbeyondbutyrateandprospectiveuseasmicrobialtherapeutics AT eunsookim butyrateproducersthesentinelofguttheirintestinalsignificancewithandbeyondbutyrateandprospectiveuseasmicrobialtherapeutics AT tatsuyaunno butyrateproducersthesentinelofguttheirintestinalsignificancewithandbeyondbutyrateandprospectiveuseasmicrobialtherapeutics AT jaehoshin butyrateproducersthesentinelofguttheirintestinalsignificancewithandbeyondbutyrateandprospectiveuseasmicrobialtherapeutics AT jaehoshin butyrateproducersthesentinelofguttheirintestinalsignificancewithandbeyondbutyrateandprospectiveuseasmicrobialtherapeutics |