Determination of the Porosity Distribution during an Erosion Test Using a Coaxial Line Cell
The detection of porosity changes within a soil matrix caused by internal erosion is beneficial for a better understanding of the mechanisms that induce and maintain the erosion process. In this paper, an electromagnetic approach using Spatial Time Domain Reflectometry (STDR) and a transmission line...
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MDPI AG
2019-02-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/3/611 |
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| author | Tilman Bittner Mathieu Bajodek Thierry Bore Eric Vourc’h Alexander Scheuermann |
| author_facet | Tilman Bittner Mathieu Bajodek Thierry Bore Eric Vourc’h Alexander Scheuermann |
| author_sort | Tilman Bittner |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The detection of porosity changes within a soil matrix caused by internal erosion is beneficial for a better understanding of the mechanisms that induce and maintain the erosion process. In this paper, an electromagnetic approach using Spatial Time Domain Reflectometry (STDR) and a transmission line model is proposed for this purpose. An original experimental setup consisting of a coaxial cell which acts as an electromagnetic waveguide was developed. It is connected to a transmitter/receiver device both measuring the transmitted and corresponding reflected electromagnetic pulses at the cell entrance. A gradient optimization method based on a computational model for simulating the wave propagation in a transmission line is applied in order to reconstruct the spatial distribution of the soil dielectric permittivity along the cell based on the measured signals and an inversion algorithm. The spatial distribution of the soil porosity is deduced from the dielectric permittivity profile by physically based mixing rules. Experiments were carried out with glass bead mixtures of known dielectric permittivity profiles and subsequently known spatial porosity distributions to validate and to optimize both, the proposed computational model and the inversion algorithm. Erosion experiments were carried out and porosity profiles determined with satisfying spatial resolution were obtained. The RMSE between measured and physically determined porosities varied among less than 3% to 6%. The measurement rate is sufficient to be able to capture the transient process of erosion in the experiments presented here. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T18:17:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b2083531ab60438795dcb98439f3d55f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T18:17:55Z |
| publishDate | 2019-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-b2083531ab60438795dcb98439f3d55f2022-12-22T04:09:50ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202019-02-0119361110.3390/s19030611s19030611Determination of the Porosity Distribution during an Erosion Test Using a Coaxial Line CellTilman Bittner0Mathieu Bajodek1Thierry Bore2Eric Vourc’h3Alexander Scheuermann4School of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaSchool of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaSchool of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaLaboratory of Systems and Applications of Information and Energy Technologies (SATIE UMR8029), ENS Paris Saclay, 94230 Cachan, FranceLaboratory of Systems and Applications of Information and Energy Technologies (SATIE UMR8029), ENS Paris Saclay, 94230 Cachan, FranceThe detection of porosity changes within a soil matrix caused by internal erosion is beneficial for a better understanding of the mechanisms that induce and maintain the erosion process. In this paper, an electromagnetic approach using Spatial Time Domain Reflectometry (STDR) and a transmission line model is proposed for this purpose. An original experimental setup consisting of a coaxial cell which acts as an electromagnetic waveguide was developed. It is connected to a transmitter/receiver device both measuring the transmitted and corresponding reflected electromagnetic pulses at the cell entrance. A gradient optimization method based on a computational model for simulating the wave propagation in a transmission line is applied in order to reconstruct the spatial distribution of the soil dielectric permittivity along the cell based on the measured signals and an inversion algorithm. The spatial distribution of the soil porosity is deduced from the dielectric permittivity profile by physically based mixing rules. Experiments were carried out with glass bead mixtures of known dielectric permittivity profiles and subsequently known spatial porosity distributions to validate and to optimize both, the proposed computational model and the inversion algorithm. Erosion experiments were carried out and porosity profiles determined with satisfying spatial resolution were obtained. The RMSE between measured and physically determined porosities varied among less than 3% to 6%. The measurement rate is sufficient to be able to capture the transient process of erosion in the experiments presented here.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/3/611time domain reflectometryporosity measurementsinversionsensor validationinternal erosion |
| spellingShingle | Tilman Bittner Mathieu Bajodek Thierry Bore Eric Vourc’h Alexander Scheuermann Determination of the Porosity Distribution during an Erosion Test Using a Coaxial Line Cell Sensors time domain reflectometry porosity measurements inversion sensor validation internal erosion |
| title | Determination of the Porosity Distribution during an Erosion Test Using a Coaxial Line Cell |
| title_full | Determination of the Porosity Distribution during an Erosion Test Using a Coaxial Line Cell |
| title_fullStr | Determination of the Porosity Distribution during an Erosion Test Using a Coaxial Line Cell |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determination of the Porosity Distribution during an Erosion Test Using a Coaxial Line Cell |
| title_short | Determination of the Porosity Distribution during an Erosion Test Using a Coaxial Line Cell |
| title_sort | determination of the porosity distribution during an erosion test using a coaxial line cell |
| topic | time domain reflectometry porosity measurements inversion sensor validation internal erosion |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/3/611 |
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