Thrombolytic Enzymes of Microbial Origin: A Review
Enzyme therapies are attracting significant attention as thrombolytic drugs during the current scenario owing to their great affinity, specificity, catalytic activity, and stability. Among various sources, the application of microbial-derived thrombolytic and fibrinolytic enzymes to prevent and trea...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/19/10468 |
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| author | Deepti Diwan Zeba Usmani Minaxi Sharma James W. Nelson Vijay Kumar Thakur Graham Christie Gustavo Molina Vijai Kumar Gupta |
| author_facet | Deepti Diwan Zeba Usmani Minaxi Sharma James W. Nelson Vijay Kumar Thakur Graham Christie Gustavo Molina Vijai Kumar Gupta |
| author_sort | Deepti Diwan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Enzyme therapies are attracting significant attention as thrombolytic drugs during the current scenario owing to their great affinity, specificity, catalytic activity, and stability. Among various sources, the application of microbial-derived thrombolytic and fibrinolytic enzymes to prevent and treat vascular occlusion is promising due to their advantageous cost–benefit ratio and large-scale production. Thrombotic complications such as stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, and peripheral occlusive diseases resulting from blood vessel blockage are the major cause of poor prognosis and mortality. Given the ability of microbial thrombolytic enzymes to dissolve blood clots and prevent any adverse effects, their use as a potential thrombolytic therapy has attracted great interest. A better understanding of the hemostasis and fibrinolytic system may aid in improving the efficacy and safety of this treatment approach over classical thrombolytic agents. Here, we concisely discuss the physiological mechanism of thrombus formation, thrombo-, and fibrinolysis, thrombolytic and fibrinolytic agents isolated from bacteria, fungi, and algae along with their mode of action and the potential application of microbial enzymes in thrombosis therapy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:00:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b20910b196c9487cb89eabcc5a5aa6bc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:00:09Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-b20910b196c9487cb89eabcc5a5aa6bc2023-11-22T16:10:19ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-09-0122191046810.3390/ijms221910468Thrombolytic Enzymes of Microbial Origin: A ReviewDeepti Diwan0Zeba Usmani1Minaxi Sharma2James W. Nelson3Vijay Kumar Thakur4Graham Christie5Gustavo Molina6Vijai Kumar Gupta7Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USADepartment of Applied Biology, University of Science & Technology, Techno City, Killing Road, Baridua 9th Mile 793101, Meghalaya, IndiaDepartment of Applied Biology, University of Science & Technology, Techno City, Killing Road, Baridua 9th Mile 793101, Meghalaya, IndiaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USABiorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UKDepartment of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UKLaboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas, R. Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, BrazilBiorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UKEnzyme therapies are attracting significant attention as thrombolytic drugs during the current scenario owing to their great affinity, specificity, catalytic activity, and stability. Among various sources, the application of microbial-derived thrombolytic and fibrinolytic enzymes to prevent and treat vascular occlusion is promising due to their advantageous cost–benefit ratio and large-scale production. Thrombotic complications such as stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, and peripheral occlusive diseases resulting from blood vessel blockage are the major cause of poor prognosis and mortality. Given the ability of microbial thrombolytic enzymes to dissolve blood clots and prevent any adverse effects, their use as a potential thrombolytic therapy has attracted great interest. A better understanding of the hemostasis and fibrinolytic system may aid in improving the efficacy and safety of this treatment approach over classical thrombolytic agents. Here, we concisely discuss the physiological mechanism of thrombus formation, thrombo-, and fibrinolysis, thrombolytic and fibrinolytic agents isolated from bacteria, fungi, and algae along with their mode of action and the potential application of microbial enzymes in thrombosis therapy.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/19/10468fibrinogenfibrinthrombolytic therapymicrobial enzymesthrombosishemostasis |
| spellingShingle | Deepti Diwan Zeba Usmani Minaxi Sharma James W. Nelson Vijay Kumar Thakur Graham Christie Gustavo Molina Vijai Kumar Gupta Thrombolytic Enzymes of Microbial Origin: A Review International Journal of Molecular Sciences fibrinogen fibrin thrombolytic therapy microbial enzymes thrombosis hemostasis |
| title | Thrombolytic Enzymes of Microbial Origin: A Review |
| title_full | Thrombolytic Enzymes of Microbial Origin: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Thrombolytic Enzymes of Microbial Origin: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thrombolytic Enzymes of Microbial Origin: A Review |
| title_short | Thrombolytic Enzymes of Microbial Origin: A Review |
| title_sort | thrombolytic enzymes of microbial origin a review |
| topic | fibrinogen fibrin thrombolytic therapy microbial enzymes thrombosis hemostasis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/19/10468 |
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