RETRACTED: Short-term responses of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) to the individual and combinatorial effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium and silicon in the soil contaminated by boron
While of lesser prevalence than boron (B) deficient soils, B-rich soils are important to study as they can cause B toxicity in the field and subsequently decrease crop yields in different regions of the world. We have conducted the present study to examine the role of the individual or combined appl...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Plant Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.983156/full |
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| author | Jing Ma Sajjad Ali Muhammad Hamzah Saleem Sahar Mumtaz Ghulam Yasin Baber Ali Abdullah Ahmed Al-Ghamdi Mohamed S. Elshikh Dan C. Vodnar Romina Alina Marc Abdur Rehman Muhammad Nauman Khan Muhammad Nauman Khan Fu Chen Shafaqat Ali Shafaqat Ali |
| author_facet | Jing Ma Sajjad Ali Muhammad Hamzah Saleem Sahar Mumtaz Ghulam Yasin Baber Ali Abdullah Ahmed Al-Ghamdi Mohamed S. Elshikh Dan C. Vodnar Romina Alina Marc Abdur Rehman Muhammad Nauman Khan Muhammad Nauman Khan Fu Chen Shafaqat Ali Shafaqat Ali |
| author_sort | Jing Ma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | While of lesser prevalence than boron (B) deficient soils, B-rich soils are important to study as they can cause B toxicity in the field and subsequently decrease crop yields in different regions of the world. We have conducted the present study to examine the role of the individual or combined application of silicon (Si) and NPK fertilizer in B-stressed spinach plants (Spinacia oleracea L.). S. oleracea seedlings were subjected to different NPK fertilizers, namely, low NPK (30 kg ha–2) and normal NPK (60 kg ha–2)], which were also supplemented by Si (3 mmol L–1), for varying levels of B in the soil i.e., 0, 250, and 500 mg kg–1. Our results illustrated that the increasing levels of B in the soil caused a substantial decrease in the plant height, number of leaves, number of stems, leaf area, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid content, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, magnesium content in the roots, magnesium contents in the shoots, phosphorus content in the roots, phosphorus content in the leaves in the shoots, iron content in the roots, iron content in the shoots, calcium content in the roots, and calcium content in the shoots. However, B toxicity in the soil increased the concentration of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and electrolyte leakage which were also manifested by the increasing activities of enzymatic [superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)], and non-enzymatic antioxidants (phenolic, flavonoid, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin content). B toxicity in the soil further increased the concentration of organic acids in the roots such as oxalic acid, malic acid, formic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, and fumaric acid. The addition of Si and fertilizer levels in the soil significantly alleviated B toxicity effects on S. oleracea by improving photosynthetic capacity and ultimately plant growth. The increased activity of antioxidant enzymes in Si and NPK-treated plants seems to play a role in capturing stress-induced reactive oxygen species, as was evident from the lower levels of oxidative stress indicators, organic acid exudation, and B concentration in the roots and shoots of Si and NPK-treated plants. Research findings, therefore, suggested that the Si and NPK application can ameliorate B toxicity in S. oleracea seedlings and result in improved plant growth and composition under metal stress as depicted by the balanced exudation of organic acids. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-b213bbe446394ed88505bec846d815492024-06-12T15:10:55ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Plant Science1664-462X2022-09-011310.3389/fpls.2022.983156983156RETRACTED: Short-term responses of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) to the individual and combinatorial effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium and silicon in the soil contaminated by boronJing Ma0Sajjad Ali1Muhammad Hamzah Saleem2Sahar Mumtaz3Ghulam Yasin4Baber Ali5Abdullah Ahmed Al-Ghamdi6Mohamed S. Elshikh7Dan C. Vodnar8Romina Alina Marc9Abdur Rehman10Muhammad Nauman Khan11Muhammad Nauman Khan12Fu Chen13Shafaqat Ali14Shafaqat Ali15School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing, ChinaDepartment of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, PakistanCollege of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, ChinaDepartment of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, PakistanInstitute of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, PakistanDepartment of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, PakistanDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaInstitute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaFood Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaDepartment of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Pakistan0Biology Laboratory, Agriculture University Public School and College (AUPS&C) for Boys, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan1Department of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar, PakistanSchool of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing, China2Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan3Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University (CMU), Taichung City, TaiwanWhile of lesser prevalence than boron (B) deficient soils, B-rich soils are important to study as they can cause B toxicity in the field and subsequently decrease crop yields in different regions of the world. We have conducted the present study to examine the role of the individual or combined application of silicon (Si) and NPK fertilizer in B-stressed spinach plants (Spinacia oleracea L.). S. oleracea seedlings were subjected to different NPK fertilizers, namely, low NPK (30 kg ha–2) and normal NPK (60 kg ha–2)], which were also supplemented by Si (3 mmol L–1), for varying levels of B in the soil i.e., 0, 250, and 500 mg kg–1. Our results illustrated that the increasing levels of B in the soil caused a substantial decrease in the plant height, number of leaves, number of stems, leaf area, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid content, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, magnesium content in the roots, magnesium contents in the shoots, phosphorus content in the roots, phosphorus content in the leaves in the shoots, iron content in the roots, iron content in the shoots, calcium content in the roots, and calcium content in the shoots. However, B toxicity in the soil increased the concentration of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and electrolyte leakage which were also manifested by the increasing activities of enzymatic [superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)], and non-enzymatic antioxidants (phenolic, flavonoid, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin content). B toxicity in the soil further increased the concentration of organic acids in the roots such as oxalic acid, malic acid, formic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, and fumaric acid. The addition of Si and fertilizer levels in the soil significantly alleviated B toxicity effects on S. oleracea by improving photosynthetic capacity and ultimately plant growth. The increased activity of antioxidant enzymes in Si and NPK-treated plants seems to play a role in capturing stress-induced reactive oxygen species, as was evident from the lower levels of oxidative stress indicators, organic acid exudation, and B concentration in the roots and shoots of Si and NPK-treated plants. Research findings, therefore, suggested that the Si and NPK application can ameliorate B toxicity in S. oleracea seedlings and result in improved plant growth and composition under metal stress as depicted by the balanced exudation of organic acids.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.983156/fullantioxidant compoundsnutrientsorganic acidoxidative stressvegetable |
| spellingShingle | Jing Ma Sajjad Ali Muhammad Hamzah Saleem Sahar Mumtaz Ghulam Yasin Baber Ali Abdullah Ahmed Al-Ghamdi Mohamed S. Elshikh Dan C. Vodnar Romina Alina Marc Abdur Rehman Muhammad Nauman Khan Muhammad Nauman Khan Fu Chen Shafaqat Ali Shafaqat Ali RETRACTED: Short-term responses of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) to the individual and combinatorial effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium and silicon in the soil contaminated by boron Frontiers in Plant Science antioxidant compounds nutrients organic acid oxidative stress vegetable |
| title | RETRACTED: Short-term responses of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) to the individual and combinatorial effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium and silicon in the soil contaminated by boron |
| title_full | RETRACTED: Short-term responses of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) to the individual and combinatorial effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium and silicon in the soil contaminated by boron |
| title_fullStr | RETRACTED: Short-term responses of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) to the individual and combinatorial effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium and silicon in the soil contaminated by boron |
| title_full_unstemmed | RETRACTED: Short-term responses of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) to the individual and combinatorial effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium and silicon in the soil contaminated by boron |
| title_short | RETRACTED: Short-term responses of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) to the individual and combinatorial effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium and silicon in the soil contaminated by boron |
| title_sort | retracted short term responses of spinach spinacia oleracea l to the individual and combinatorial effects of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium and silicon in the soil contaminated by boron |
| topic | antioxidant compounds nutrients organic acid oxidative stress vegetable |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.983156/full |
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