Evaluation of Phytochemical Contents and In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities of Black Rice Leaf (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Extract and Its Fractions
Black rice leaves (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) are a major part of rice straw left in open fields after rice harvest as agricultural waste. In this study, crude ethanolic extract (CEE) and various solvent fractions (hexane (Hex), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), <i>n</i>-butanol (<i>...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/12/2987 |
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| author | Chorpaka Thepthanee Chan-Chiung Liu Hsu-Sheng Yu Ho-Shin Huang Chia-Hung Yen Yen-Hsien Li Maw-Rong Lee Ean-Tun Liaw |
| author_facet | Chorpaka Thepthanee Chan-Chiung Liu Hsu-Sheng Yu Ho-Shin Huang Chia-Hung Yen Yen-Hsien Li Maw-Rong Lee Ean-Tun Liaw |
| author_sort | Chorpaka Thepthanee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Black rice leaves (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) are a major part of rice straw left in open fields after rice harvest as agricultural waste. In this study, crude ethanolic extract (CEE) and various solvent fractions (hexane (Hex), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), <i>n</i>-butanol (<i>n</i>-BuOH), and aqueous fractions) of black rice leaves were investigated for their bioactive compound contents as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. The results demonstrated that among all the fractions, the <i>n</i>-BuOH fraction presented the greatest contents of total phenolics and flavonoids, while anthocyanins were found to be abundant in the <i>n</i>-BuOH and aqueous fractions, which also exhibited powerful antioxidant abilities according to DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging assays and a reducing power assay. Regarding anti-inflammatory activity, CEE and EtOAc reduced the production of NO and cytokine secretion (PGE<sub>2</sub>, IL-6, and IL-1β) but displayed less effect on tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. They also significantly decreased iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. Additionally, the phenolics-rich ethyl acetate fraction showed the greatest activity against HepG2 liver carcinoma cells, inhibited cell growth, increased the Sub-G1 population, and induced apoptosis via mitochondrion-dependent mechanisms. In conclusion, black rice leaves, a byproduct of rice, exhibited strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer capacities and might be useful for application in functional foods and the pharmaceutical industry. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:08:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b2866d21abe94216aec6cc875ff3a7fc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:08:28Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-b2866d21abe94216aec6cc875ff3a7fc2023-11-23T08:17:10ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582021-12-011012298710.3390/foods10122987Evaluation of Phytochemical Contents and In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities of Black Rice Leaf (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Extract and Its FractionsChorpaka Thepthanee0Chan-Chiung Liu1Hsu-Sheng Yu2Ho-Shin Huang3Chia-Hung Yen4Yen-Hsien Li5Maw-Rong Lee6Ean-Tun Liaw7Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, TaiwanDepartment of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, TaiwanDepartment of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, TaiwanR&D Center, King Herb BioMed, Tainan 71201, TaiwanDepartment of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, TaiwanDepartment of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 420, TaiwanDepartment of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 420, TaiwanDepartment of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, TaiwanBlack rice leaves (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) are a major part of rice straw left in open fields after rice harvest as agricultural waste. In this study, crude ethanolic extract (CEE) and various solvent fractions (hexane (Hex), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), <i>n</i>-butanol (<i>n</i>-BuOH), and aqueous fractions) of black rice leaves were investigated for their bioactive compound contents as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. The results demonstrated that among all the fractions, the <i>n</i>-BuOH fraction presented the greatest contents of total phenolics and flavonoids, while anthocyanins were found to be abundant in the <i>n</i>-BuOH and aqueous fractions, which also exhibited powerful antioxidant abilities according to DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging assays and a reducing power assay. Regarding anti-inflammatory activity, CEE and EtOAc reduced the production of NO and cytokine secretion (PGE<sub>2</sub>, IL-6, and IL-1β) but displayed less effect on tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. They also significantly decreased iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. Additionally, the phenolics-rich ethyl acetate fraction showed the greatest activity against HepG2 liver carcinoma cells, inhibited cell growth, increased the Sub-G1 population, and induced apoptosis via mitochondrion-dependent mechanisms. In conclusion, black rice leaves, a byproduct of rice, exhibited strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer capacities and might be useful for application in functional foods and the pharmaceutical industry.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/12/2987black rice leavesantioxidantanti-inflammatoryphenolic compositionapoptosis |
| spellingShingle | Chorpaka Thepthanee Chan-Chiung Liu Hsu-Sheng Yu Ho-Shin Huang Chia-Hung Yen Yen-Hsien Li Maw-Rong Lee Ean-Tun Liaw Evaluation of Phytochemical Contents and In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities of Black Rice Leaf (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Extract and Its Fractions Foods black rice leaves antioxidant anti-inflammatory phenolic composition apoptosis |
| title | Evaluation of Phytochemical Contents and In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities of Black Rice Leaf (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Extract and Its Fractions |
| title_full | Evaluation of Phytochemical Contents and In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities of Black Rice Leaf (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Extract and Its Fractions |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of Phytochemical Contents and In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities of Black Rice Leaf (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Extract and Its Fractions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of Phytochemical Contents and In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities of Black Rice Leaf (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Extract and Its Fractions |
| title_short | Evaluation of Phytochemical Contents and In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities of Black Rice Leaf (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Extract and Its Fractions |
| title_sort | evaluation of phytochemical contents and in vitro antioxidant anti inflammatory and anticancer activities of black rice leaf i oryza sativa i l extract and its fractions |
| topic | black rice leaves antioxidant anti-inflammatory phenolic composition apoptosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/12/2987 |
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