Neuroinflammation in the Central Nervous System: Exploring the Evolving Influence of Endocannabinoid System
Neuroinflammation is a complex biological process that typically originates as a protective response in the brain. This inflammatory process is triggered by the release of pro-inflammatory substances like cytokines, prostaglandins, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species from stimulated endothelial...
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/10/2642 |
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| author | Sumit S. Rathod Yogeeta O. Agrawal Kartik T. Nakhate M. F. Nagoor Meeran Shreesh Ojha Sameer N. Goyal |
| author_facet | Sumit S. Rathod Yogeeta O. Agrawal Kartik T. Nakhate M. F. Nagoor Meeran Shreesh Ojha Sameer N. Goyal |
| author_sort | Sumit S. Rathod |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Neuroinflammation is a complex biological process that typically originates as a protective response in the brain. This inflammatory process is triggered by the release of pro-inflammatory substances like cytokines, prostaglandins, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species from stimulated endothelial and glial cells, including those with pro-inflammatory functions, in the outer regions. While neuronal inflammation is common in various central nervous system disorders, the specific inflammatory pathways linked with different immune-mediated cell types and the various factors influencing the blood-brain barrier significantly contribute to disease-specific characteristics. The endocannabinoid system consists of cannabinoid receptors, endogenous cannabinoids, and enzymes responsible for synthesizing and metabolizing endocannabinoids. The primary cannabinoid receptor is CB1, predominantly found in specific brain regions such as the brainstem, cerebellum, hippocampus, and cortex. The presence of CB2 receptors in certain brain components, like cultured cerebellar granular cells, Purkinje fibers, and microglia, as well as in the areas like the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum is also evidenced by immunoblotting assays, radioligand binding, and autoradiography studies. Both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors exhibit noteworthy physiological responses and possess diverse neuromodulatory capabilities. This review primarily aims to outline the distribution of CB1 and CB2 receptors across different brain regions and explore their potential roles in regulating neuroinflammatory processes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:25:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b298b181d0a841c7bafbfe19e6b941da |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:25:45Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-b298b181d0a841c7bafbfe19e6b941da2023-11-19T15:45:00ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592023-09-011110264210.3390/biomedicines11102642Neuroinflammation in the Central Nervous System: Exploring the Evolving Influence of Endocannabinoid SystemSumit S. Rathod0Yogeeta O. Agrawal1Kartik T. Nakhate2M. F. Nagoor Meeran3Shreesh Ojha4Sameer N. Goyal5Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, IndiaShri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, IndiaShri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, IndiaDepartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 15551, United Arab EmiratesDepartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 15551, United Arab EmiratesShri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, IndiaNeuroinflammation is a complex biological process that typically originates as a protective response in the brain. This inflammatory process is triggered by the release of pro-inflammatory substances like cytokines, prostaglandins, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species from stimulated endothelial and glial cells, including those with pro-inflammatory functions, in the outer regions. While neuronal inflammation is common in various central nervous system disorders, the specific inflammatory pathways linked with different immune-mediated cell types and the various factors influencing the blood-brain barrier significantly contribute to disease-specific characteristics. The endocannabinoid system consists of cannabinoid receptors, endogenous cannabinoids, and enzymes responsible for synthesizing and metabolizing endocannabinoids. The primary cannabinoid receptor is CB1, predominantly found in specific brain regions such as the brainstem, cerebellum, hippocampus, and cortex. The presence of CB2 receptors in certain brain components, like cultured cerebellar granular cells, Purkinje fibers, and microglia, as well as in the areas like the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum is also evidenced by immunoblotting assays, radioligand binding, and autoradiography studies. Both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors exhibit noteworthy physiological responses and possess diverse neuromodulatory capabilities. This review primarily aims to outline the distribution of CB1 and CB2 receptors across different brain regions and explore their potential roles in regulating neuroinflammatory processes.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/10/2642neuroinflammationproinflammatory cytokinesendocannabinoid systemmicrogliacannabinoid receptor 1cannabinoid receptor 2 |
| spellingShingle | Sumit S. Rathod Yogeeta O. Agrawal Kartik T. Nakhate M. F. Nagoor Meeran Shreesh Ojha Sameer N. Goyal Neuroinflammation in the Central Nervous System: Exploring the Evolving Influence of Endocannabinoid System Biomedicines neuroinflammation proinflammatory cytokines endocannabinoid system microglia cannabinoid receptor 1 cannabinoid receptor 2 |
| title | Neuroinflammation in the Central Nervous System: Exploring the Evolving Influence of Endocannabinoid System |
| title_full | Neuroinflammation in the Central Nervous System: Exploring the Evolving Influence of Endocannabinoid System |
| title_fullStr | Neuroinflammation in the Central Nervous System: Exploring the Evolving Influence of Endocannabinoid System |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neuroinflammation in the Central Nervous System: Exploring the Evolving Influence of Endocannabinoid System |
| title_short | Neuroinflammation in the Central Nervous System: Exploring the Evolving Influence of Endocannabinoid System |
| title_sort | neuroinflammation in the central nervous system exploring the evolving influence of endocannabinoid system |
| topic | neuroinflammation proinflammatory cytokines endocannabinoid system microglia cannabinoid receptor 1 cannabinoid receptor 2 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/10/2642 |
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