Radio Emission of Nearby Early-type Galaxies in the Low and Very Low Radio Luminosity Range
We analyze radio continuum emission of early-type galaxies with dynamical measurements of central supermassive black hole (SMBH) masses and well-characterized large-scale environments, but regardless of the exact level of the nuclear activity. The 1.4 GHz radio fluxes collected with ∼arcmin resoluti...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acb498 |
| _version_ | 1797695649626456064 |
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| author | Anna Wójtowicz Łukasz Stawarz C. C. Cheung Norbert Werner Dominik Rudka |
| author_facet | Anna Wójtowicz Łukasz Stawarz C. C. Cheung Norbert Werner Dominik Rudka |
| author_sort | Anna Wójtowicz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We analyze radio continuum emission of early-type galaxies with dynamical measurements of central supermassive black hole (SMBH) masses and well-characterized large-scale environments, but regardless of the exact level of the nuclear activity. The 1.4 GHz radio fluxes collected with ∼arcmin resolution for 62 nearby targets (distances ≲153 Mpc) correspond to low and very low monochromatic luminosities of L _r ∼ 10 ^35 –10 ^41 erg s ^−1 . We quantify possible correlations between the radio properties with the main parameters of SMBHs, host galaxies, and hot gaseous halos, finding a general bimodality in the radio luminosity distribution, with the borderline between radio-bright and radio-dim populations at $\mathrm{log}{L}_{{\rm{r}}}/{L}_{\mathrm{Edd}}\simeq -8.5$ . We analyze the far-infrared data for the targets, finding that all radio-bright and over a half of the radio-dim sources are overluminous in radio wavelengths with respect to the far-infrared–radio correlation. High-resolution radio maps reveal that the overwhelming majority of radio-dim sources is unresolved on the arcsecond scale, while the bulk of radio-bright sources display extended jets and lobes of low- and intermediate-power radio galaxies; these jets dominate the radio emission of radio-bright objects. Regarding the origin of the radio emission of radio-dim sources, we discuss two main possibilities. One possibility is the advection-dominated accretion flow model, in which the radio and nuclear X-ray radiative outputs at very low accretion rates are both dominated by unresolved jets. The other possibility is that the radio-dim sources, unlike the radio-bright ones, are characterized by low values of SMBH spins, so that their radio emission is not related to the jets, but instead is due to a combination of star-forming processes and previous nuclear outbursts. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:15:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b2b64b24eed6485182784b9222df750a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:15:23Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-b2b64b24eed6485182784b9222df750a2023-09-03T14:11:18ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572023-01-01944219510.3847/1538-4357/acb498Radio Emission of Nearby Early-type Galaxies in the Low and Very Low Radio Luminosity RangeAnna Wójtowicz0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5666-8665Łukasz Stawarz1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8294-9479C. C. Cheung2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4377-0174Norbert Werner3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0392-0120Dominik Rudka4Astronomical Observatory of the Jagiellonian University , Orla 171, 30-244 Kraków, Poland ; awojtowicz@oa.uj.edu.pl; Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech RepublicAstronomical Observatory of the Jagiellonian University , Orla 171, 30-244 Kraków, Poland ; awojtowicz@oa.uj.edu.plNaval Research Laboratory , Washington, DC 20375, USADepartment of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech RepublicAstronomical Observatory of the Jagiellonian University , Orla 171, 30-244 Kraków, Poland ; awojtowicz@oa.uj.edu.plWe analyze radio continuum emission of early-type galaxies with dynamical measurements of central supermassive black hole (SMBH) masses and well-characterized large-scale environments, but regardless of the exact level of the nuclear activity. The 1.4 GHz radio fluxes collected with ∼arcmin resolution for 62 nearby targets (distances ≲153 Mpc) correspond to low and very low monochromatic luminosities of L _r ∼ 10 ^35 –10 ^41 erg s ^−1 . We quantify possible correlations between the radio properties with the main parameters of SMBHs, host galaxies, and hot gaseous halos, finding a general bimodality in the radio luminosity distribution, with the borderline between radio-bright and radio-dim populations at $\mathrm{log}{L}_{{\rm{r}}}/{L}_{\mathrm{Edd}}\simeq -8.5$ . We analyze the far-infrared data for the targets, finding that all radio-bright and over a half of the radio-dim sources are overluminous in radio wavelengths with respect to the far-infrared–radio correlation. High-resolution radio maps reveal that the overwhelming majority of radio-dim sources is unresolved on the arcsecond scale, while the bulk of radio-bright sources display extended jets and lobes of low- and intermediate-power radio galaxies; these jets dominate the radio emission of radio-bright objects. Regarding the origin of the radio emission of radio-dim sources, we discuss two main possibilities. One possibility is the advection-dominated accretion flow model, in which the radio and nuclear X-ray radiative outputs at very low accretion rates are both dominated by unresolved jets. The other possibility is that the radio-dim sources, unlike the radio-bright ones, are characterized by low values of SMBH spins, so that their radio emission is not related to the jets, but instead is due to a combination of star-forming processes and previous nuclear outbursts.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acb498Radio active galactic nucleiRadio galaxiesRadio coresEarly-type galaxiesRadio jets |
| spellingShingle | Anna Wójtowicz Łukasz Stawarz C. C. Cheung Norbert Werner Dominik Rudka Radio Emission of Nearby Early-type Galaxies in the Low and Very Low Radio Luminosity Range The Astrophysical Journal Radio active galactic nuclei Radio galaxies Radio cores Early-type galaxies Radio jets |
| title | Radio Emission of Nearby Early-type Galaxies in the Low and Very Low Radio Luminosity Range |
| title_full | Radio Emission of Nearby Early-type Galaxies in the Low and Very Low Radio Luminosity Range |
| title_fullStr | Radio Emission of Nearby Early-type Galaxies in the Low and Very Low Radio Luminosity Range |
| title_full_unstemmed | Radio Emission of Nearby Early-type Galaxies in the Low and Very Low Radio Luminosity Range |
| title_short | Radio Emission of Nearby Early-type Galaxies in the Low and Very Low Radio Luminosity Range |
| title_sort | radio emission of nearby early type galaxies in the low and very low radio luminosity range |
| topic | Radio active galactic nuclei Radio galaxies Radio cores Early-type galaxies Radio jets |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acb498 |
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