Satellite-Observed Spatial and Temporal Sea Surface Temperature Trends of the Baltic Sea between 1982 and 2021
The Baltic Sea is one of the fastest-warming marginal seas globally, and its temperature rise has adversely affected its physical and biochemical characteristics. In this study, forty years (1982–2021) of sea surface temperature (SST) data from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) we...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/1/102 |
| _version_ | 1797439864288837632 |
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| author | Sadegh Jamali Arsalan Ghorbanian Abdulhakim M. Abdi |
| author_facet | Sadegh Jamali Arsalan Ghorbanian Abdulhakim M. Abdi |
| author_sort | Sadegh Jamali |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Baltic Sea is one of the fastest-warming marginal seas globally, and its temperature rise has adversely affected its physical and biochemical characteristics. In this study, forty years (1982–2021) of sea surface temperature (SST) data from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) were used to investigate spatial and temporal SST variability of the Baltic Sea. To this end, annual maximum and minimum SST stacked series, i.e., time series of stacked layers of satellite data, were generated using high-quality observations acquired at night and were fed to an automatic algorithm to detect linear and non-linear trend patterns. The linear trend pattern was the dominant trend type in both stacked series, while more pixels with non-linear trend patterns were detected when using the annual minimum SST. However, both stacked series showed increases in SST across the Baltic Sea. Annual maximum SST increased by an average of 0.062 ± 0.041 °C per year between 1982 and 2021, while annual minimum SST increased by an average of 0.035 ± 0.017 °C per year over the same period. Averaging annual maximum and minimum trends produces a spatial average of 0.048 ± 0.022 °C rise in SST per year over the last four decades. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:59:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b2ce84e2691844e0990e49b3b4534919 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:59:53Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-b2ce84e2691844e0990e49b3b45349192023-11-30T23:05:35ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922022-12-0115110210.3390/rs15010102Satellite-Observed Spatial and Temporal Sea Surface Temperature Trends of the Baltic Sea between 1982 and 2021Sadegh Jamali0Arsalan Ghorbanian1Abdulhakim M. Abdi2Department of Technology and Society, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, SwedenDepartment of Technology and Society, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, SwedenCenter for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, SwedenThe Baltic Sea is one of the fastest-warming marginal seas globally, and its temperature rise has adversely affected its physical and biochemical characteristics. In this study, forty years (1982–2021) of sea surface temperature (SST) data from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) were used to investigate spatial and temporal SST variability of the Baltic Sea. To this end, annual maximum and minimum SST stacked series, i.e., time series of stacked layers of satellite data, were generated using high-quality observations acquired at night and were fed to an automatic algorithm to detect linear and non-linear trend patterns. The linear trend pattern was the dominant trend type in both stacked series, while more pixels with non-linear trend patterns were detected when using the annual minimum SST. However, both stacked series showed increases in SST across the Baltic Sea. Annual maximum SST increased by an average of 0.062 ± 0.041 °C per year between 1982 and 2021, while annual minimum SST increased by an average of 0.035 ± 0.017 °C per year over the same period. Averaging annual maximum and minimum trends produces a spatial average of 0.048 ± 0.022 °C rise in SST per year over the last four decades.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/1/102sea surface temperature (SST)trend analysistime seriesadvanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR)satelliteremote sensing |
| spellingShingle | Sadegh Jamali Arsalan Ghorbanian Abdulhakim M. Abdi Satellite-Observed Spatial and Temporal Sea Surface Temperature Trends of the Baltic Sea between 1982 and 2021 Remote Sensing sea surface temperature (SST) trend analysis time series advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) satellite remote sensing |
| title | Satellite-Observed Spatial and Temporal Sea Surface Temperature Trends of the Baltic Sea between 1982 and 2021 |
| title_full | Satellite-Observed Spatial and Temporal Sea Surface Temperature Trends of the Baltic Sea between 1982 and 2021 |
| title_fullStr | Satellite-Observed Spatial and Temporal Sea Surface Temperature Trends of the Baltic Sea between 1982 and 2021 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Satellite-Observed Spatial and Temporal Sea Surface Temperature Trends of the Baltic Sea between 1982 and 2021 |
| title_short | Satellite-Observed Spatial and Temporal Sea Surface Temperature Trends of the Baltic Sea between 1982 and 2021 |
| title_sort | satellite observed spatial and temporal sea surface temperature trends of the baltic sea between 1982 and 2021 |
| topic | sea surface temperature (SST) trend analysis time series advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) satellite remote sensing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/1/102 |
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