Characterisation of the Contact between Cross-Country Skis and Snow: On the Multi-Scale Interaction between Ski Geometry and Ski-Base Texture
In elite endurance sports, marginal differences in finishing times drive ongoing equipment improvement to enhance athlete performance. In cross-country skiing, researchers, since the 1930s, have faced the challenge of minimising the resistance caused by friction in the contact between skis and snow....
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Lubricants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4442/11/10/427 |
| _version_ | 1827720632291295232 |
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| author | Kalle Kalliorinne Gustav Hindér Joakim Sandberg Roland Larsson Hans-Christer Holmberg Andreas Almqvist |
| author_facet | Kalle Kalliorinne Gustav Hindér Joakim Sandberg Roland Larsson Hans-Christer Holmberg Andreas Almqvist |
| author_sort | Kalle Kalliorinne |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In elite endurance sports, marginal differences in finishing times drive ongoing equipment improvement to enhance athlete performance. In cross-country skiing, researchers, since the 1930s, have faced the challenge of minimising the resistance caused by friction in the contact between skis and snow. This study was designed to evaluate the multi-scale interaction between the macro-scale ski-camber profile and the micro-scale ski-base texture. Considerations included real contact area, average interfacial separation, and total reciprocal interfacial separation between the ski and snow, which are properties that are intimately coupled to ski–snow friction. We found that both the profile of the ski camber and the texture of the ski base play decisive roles in determining viscous friction. At the same time, the texture of the ski base exerts a greater impact on the average real contact pressure, real contact area, and minimal average interfacial separation between the ski and snow than the ski-camber profile. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:07:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b3059ee865eb463d88a00afcc7b3646a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4442 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:07:10Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Lubricants |
| spelling | doaj.art-b3059ee865eb463d88a00afcc7b3646a2023-11-19T17:07:41ZengMDPI AGLubricants2075-44422023-10-01111042710.3390/lubricants11100427Characterisation of the Contact between Cross-Country Skis and Snow: On the Multi-Scale Interaction between Ski Geometry and Ski-Base TextureKalle Kalliorinne0Gustav Hindér1Joakim Sandberg2Roland Larsson3Hans-Christer Holmberg4Andreas Almqvist5Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, SE97187 Luleå, SwedenDivision of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, SE97187 Luleå, SwedenDivision of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, SE97187 Luleå, SwedenDivision of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, SE97187 Luleå, SwedenDivision of Health, Medicine and Rehabilitation, Luleå University of Technology, SE97187 Luleå, SwedenDivision of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, SE97187 Luleå, SwedenIn elite endurance sports, marginal differences in finishing times drive ongoing equipment improvement to enhance athlete performance. In cross-country skiing, researchers, since the 1930s, have faced the challenge of minimising the resistance caused by friction in the contact between skis and snow. This study was designed to evaluate the multi-scale interaction between the macro-scale ski-camber profile and the micro-scale ski-base texture. Considerations included real contact area, average interfacial separation, and total reciprocal interfacial separation between the ski and snow, which are properties that are intimately coupled to ski–snow friction. We found that both the profile of the ski camber and the texture of the ski base play decisive roles in determining viscous friction. At the same time, the texture of the ski base exerts a greater impact on the average real contact pressure, real contact area, and minimal average interfacial separation between the ski and snow than the ski-camber profile.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4442/11/10/427cross-country skiingsports equipmentmulti-scalecontact mechanicsski-camber profileski-base texture |
| spellingShingle | Kalle Kalliorinne Gustav Hindér Joakim Sandberg Roland Larsson Hans-Christer Holmberg Andreas Almqvist Characterisation of the Contact between Cross-Country Skis and Snow: On the Multi-Scale Interaction between Ski Geometry and Ski-Base Texture Lubricants cross-country skiing sports equipment multi-scale contact mechanics ski-camber profile ski-base texture |
| title | Characterisation of the Contact between Cross-Country Skis and Snow: On the Multi-Scale Interaction between Ski Geometry and Ski-Base Texture |
| title_full | Characterisation of the Contact between Cross-Country Skis and Snow: On the Multi-Scale Interaction between Ski Geometry and Ski-Base Texture |
| title_fullStr | Characterisation of the Contact between Cross-Country Skis and Snow: On the Multi-Scale Interaction between Ski Geometry and Ski-Base Texture |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterisation of the Contact between Cross-Country Skis and Snow: On the Multi-Scale Interaction between Ski Geometry and Ski-Base Texture |
| title_short | Characterisation of the Contact between Cross-Country Skis and Snow: On the Multi-Scale Interaction between Ski Geometry and Ski-Base Texture |
| title_sort | characterisation of the contact between cross country skis and snow on the multi scale interaction between ski geometry and ski base texture |
| topic | cross-country skiing sports equipment multi-scale contact mechanics ski-camber profile ski-base texture |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4442/11/10/427 |
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