Isolating Specific vs. Non-Specific Binding Responses in Conducting Polymer Biosensors for Bio-Fingerprinting
A longstanding challenge for accurate sensing of biomolecules such as proteins concerns specifically detecting a target analyte in a complex sample (e.g., food) without suffering from nonspecific binding or interactions from the target itself or other analytes present in the sample. Every sensor suf...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/19/6335 |
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| author | Phil M. Smith Indorica Sutradhar Maxwell Telmer Rishikesh Magar Amir Barati Farimani B. Reeja-Jayan |
| author_facet | Phil M. Smith Indorica Sutradhar Maxwell Telmer Rishikesh Magar Amir Barati Farimani B. Reeja-Jayan |
| author_sort | Phil M. Smith |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A longstanding challenge for accurate sensing of biomolecules such as proteins concerns specifically detecting a target analyte in a complex sample (e.g., food) without suffering from nonspecific binding or interactions from the target itself or other analytes present in the sample. Every sensor suffers from this fundamental drawback, which limits its sensitivity, specificity, and longevity. Existing efforts to improve signal-to-noise ratio involve introducing additional steps to reduce nonspecific binding, which increases the cost of the sensor. Conducting polymer-based chemiresistive biosensors can be mechanically flexible, are inexpensive, label-free, and capable of detecting specific biomolecules in complex samples without purification steps, making them very versatile. In this paper, a poly (3,4-ethylenedioxyphene) (PEDOT) and poly (3-thiopheneethanol) (3TE) interpenetrating network on polypropylene–cellulose fabric is used as a platform for a chemiresistive biosensor, and the specific and nonspecific binding events are studied using the Biotin/Avidin and Gliadin/G12-specific complementary binding pairs. We observed that specific binding between these pairs results in a negative Δ<i>R</i> with the addition of the analyte and this response increases with increasing analyte concentration. Nonspecific binding was found to have the opposite response, a positive Δ<i>R</i> upon the addition of analyte was seen in nonspecific binding cases. We further demonstrate the ability of the sensor to detect a targeted protein in a dual-protein analyte solution. The machine-learning classifier, random forest, predicted the presence of Biotin with 75% accuracy in dual-analyte solutions. This capability of distinguishing between specific and nonspecific binding can be a step towards solving the problem of false positives or false negatives to which all biosensors are susceptible. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:52:23Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:52:23Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-b31b75f1b4314718b40303b8ab4bece32023-11-22T16:44:33ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-09-012119633510.3390/s21196335Isolating Specific vs. Non-Specific Binding Responses in Conducting Polymer Biosensors for Bio-FingerprintingPhil M. Smith0Indorica Sutradhar1Maxwell Telmer2Rishikesh Magar3Amir Barati Farimani4B. Reeja-Jayan5Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USADepartment of Materials Science & Engineering & Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USADepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USADepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USADepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USADepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USAA longstanding challenge for accurate sensing of biomolecules such as proteins concerns specifically detecting a target analyte in a complex sample (e.g., food) without suffering from nonspecific binding or interactions from the target itself or other analytes present in the sample. Every sensor suffers from this fundamental drawback, which limits its sensitivity, specificity, and longevity. Existing efforts to improve signal-to-noise ratio involve introducing additional steps to reduce nonspecific binding, which increases the cost of the sensor. Conducting polymer-based chemiresistive biosensors can be mechanically flexible, are inexpensive, label-free, and capable of detecting specific biomolecules in complex samples without purification steps, making them very versatile. In this paper, a poly (3,4-ethylenedioxyphene) (PEDOT) and poly (3-thiopheneethanol) (3TE) interpenetrating network on polypropylene–cellulose fabric is used as a platform for a chemiresistive biosensor, and the specific and nonspecific binding events are studied using the Biotin/Avidin and Gliadin/G12-specific complementary binding pairs. We observed that specific binding between these pairs results in a negative Δ<i>R</i> with the addition of the analyte and this response increases with increasing analyte concentration. Nonspecific binding was found to have the opposite response, a positive Δ<i>R</i> upon the addition of analyte was seen in nonspecific binding cases. We further demonstrate the ability of the sensor to detect a targeted protein in a dual-protein analyte solution. The machine-learning classifier, random forest, predicted the presence of Biotin with 75% accuracy in dual-analyte solutions. This capability of distinguishing between specific and nonspecific binding can be a step towards solving the problem of false positives or false negatives to which all biosensors are susceptible.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/19/6335vapor-phase polymerization (VPP)conducting polymerschemiresistive biosensorsmachine learning |
| spellingShingle | Phil M. Smith Indorica Sutradhar Maxwell Telmer Rishikesh Magar Amir Barati Farimani B. Reeja-Jayan Isolating Specific vs. Non-Specific Binding Responses in Conducting Polymer Biosensors for Bio-Fingerprinting Sensors vapor-phase polymerization (VPP) conducting polymers chemiresistive biosensors machine learning |
| title | Isolating Specific vs. Non-Specific Binding Responses in Conducting Polymer Biosensors for Bio-Fingerprinting |
| title_full | Isolating Specific vs. Non-Specific Binding Responses in Conducting Polymer Biosensors for Bio-Fingerprinting |
| title_fullStr | Isolating Specific vs. Non-Specific Binding Responses in Conducting Polymer Biosensors for Bio-Fingerprinting |
| title_full_unstemmed | Isolating Specific vs. Non-Specific Binding Responses in Conducting Polymer Biosensors for Bio-Fingerprinting |
| title_short | Isolating Specific vs. Non-Specific Binding Responses in Conducting Polymer Biosensors for Bio-Fingerprinting |
| title_sort | isolating specific vs non specific binding responses in conducting polymer biosensors for bio fingerprinting |
| topic | vapor-phase polymerization (VPP) conducting polymers chemiresistive biosensors machine learning |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/19/6335 |
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