Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Fermentation Quality and Mycotoxins Concentrations of Corn Silage Infested with Mycotoxigenic Fungi
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on fermentation quality, mycotoxin concentrations, and microbial communities of whole-crop corn silages infested with mycotoxigenic fungi. Cultured spores (10<sup>6</sup> cfu/mL) of mycotoxigenic <i>Asper...
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/10/699 |
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| author | Jinyang Li Wenbo Wang Sifan Chen Tao Shao Xuxiong Tao Xianjun Yuan |
| author_facet | Jinyang Li Wenbo Wang Sifan Chen Tao Shao Xuxiong Tao Xianjun Yuan |
| author_sort | Jinyang Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on fermentation quality, mycotoxin concentrations, and microbial communities of whole-crop corn silages infested with mycotoxigenic fungi. Cultured spores (10<sup>6</sup> cfu/mL) of mycotoxigenic <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> and <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> were sprayed (5 mL) on corn forage on 27 July and 10 August 2018. On 21 August 2018, sprayed (FI; 3 plots) and unsprayed (NFI; 3 plots) corn forage were harvested at the 1/2 kernel milk line stage, followed by chopping and ensiling without inoculants (CON), or with <i>Lactobacillus buchneri</i> (LB, 1 × 10<sup>6</sup> cfu/g FW), <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> (LT, 1 × 10<sup>6</sup> cfu/g FW), or <i>L. buchneri</i> + <i>L. plantarum</i> (BT: both <i>L. buchneri</i> and <i>L. plantarum</i> applied at 0.5 × 10<sup>6</sup> cfu/g FW). After 90 d of ensiling, FI silages had a higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) pH value and higher acetic acid (ACA), ethanol, and ammonia nitrogen (ammonia N) concentrations, but lower (<i>p</i> < 0.05) lactic acid (LA) concentrations than NFI silage. The inoculants decreased pH and increased LA concentration and LA/ACA compared with CON. The aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> (AFB<sub>1</sub>) was only detected in FI fresh corn and silages; ensiling decreased (<i>p</i> < 0.05) AFB<sub>1</sub> concentration compared with fresh corn, and LB and BT decreased AFB<sub>1</sub> concentration compared with CON. The zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), and fumonisin B<sub>1</sub> (FB<sub>1</sub>) concentrations were similar (<i>p</i> < 0.05) for NFI silages, while ZEN concentration in BT was the lowest (<i>p</i> < 0.05) among all FI silages; DON and FB<sub>1</sub> concentrations in LB, LT, and BT silages were significantly lower (<i>p</i> < 0.05) than those of CON in FI silages. The fungal infestation increased the bacterial and fungal diversity of silages compared with NFI silages. The FI silages had a higher relative abundance (RA) of <i>Lactobacillus</i>, <i>Weissella</i>, <i>Wickerhamomyces</i>, <i>Pichia</i>, and <i>Epicoccum</i> than the corresponding NFI silages. The RA of <i>Aspergillus</i> and <i>Fusarium</i> markedly decreased after 90 d of ensiling, and the inoculation expanded this trend irrespective of fungal infestation. The <i>Penicillium</i> in FI silages survived after 90 d of ensiling, while the inoculants decreased the RA of <i>Penicillium</i>. Inoculants mitigate the adverse effects of fungal infestation on corn silage quality by changing the bacterial and fungal communities. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:10:43Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-b33005b5ddc143c4a577e9987fcc07a92023-11-22T20:13:06ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512021-10-01131069910.3390/toxins13100699Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Fermentation Quality and Mycotoxins Concentrations of Corn Silage Infested with Mycotoxigenic FungiJinyang Li0Wenbo Wang1Sifan Chen2Tao Shao3Xuxiong Tao4Xianjun Yuan5Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaInstitute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaInstitute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaInstitute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaInstitute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaInstitute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaThis study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on fermentation quality, mycotoxin concentrations, and microbial communities of whole-crop corn silages infested with mycotoxigenic fungi. Cultured spores (10<sup>6</sup> cfu/mL) of mycotoxigenic <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> and <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> were sprayed (5 mL) on corn forage on 27 July and 10 August 2018. On 21 August 2018, sprayed (FI; 3 plots) and unsprayed (NFI; 3 plots) corn forage were harvested at the 1/2 kernel milk line stage, followed by chopping and ensiling without inoculants (CON), or with <i>Lactobacillus buchneri</i> (LB, 1 × 10<sup>6</sup> cfu/g FW), <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> (LT, 1 × 10<sup>6</sup> cfu/g FW), or <i>L. buchneri</i> + <i>L. plantarum</i> (BT: both <i>L. buchneri</i> and <i>L. plantarum</i> applied at 0.5 × 10<sup>6</sup> cfu/g FW). After 90 d of ensiling, FI silages had a higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) pH value and higher acetic acid (ACA), ethanol, and ammonia nitrogen (ammonia N) concentrations, but lower (<i>p</i> < 0.05) lactic acid (LA) concentrations than NFI silage. The inoculants decreased pH and increased LA concentration and LA/ACA compared with CON. The aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> (AFB<sub>1</sub>) was only detected in FI fresh corn and silages; ensiling decreased (<i>p</i> < 0.05) AFB<sub>1</sub> concentration compared with fresh corn, and LB and BT decreased AFB<sub>1</sub> concentration compared with CON. The zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), and fumonisin B<sub>1</sub> (FB<sub>1</sub>) concentrations were similar (<i>p</i> < 0.05) for NFI silages, while ZEN concentration in BT was the lowest (<i>p</i> < 0.05) among all FI silages; DON and FB<sub>1</sub> concentrations in LB, LT, and BT silages were significantly lower (<i>p</i> < 0.05) than those of CON in FI silages. The fungal infestation increased the bacterial and fungal diversity of silages compared with NFI silages. The FI silages had a higher relative abundance (RA) of <i>Lactobacillus</i>, <i>Weissella</i>, <i>Wickerhamomyces</i>, <i>Pichia</i>, and <i>Epicoccum</i> than the corresponding NFI silages. The RA of <i>Aspergillus</i> and <i>Fusarium</i> markedly decreased after 90 d of ensiling, and the inoculation expanded this trend irrespective of fungal infestation. The <i>Penicillium</i> in FI silages survived after 90 d of ensiling, while the inoculants decreased the RA of <i>Penicillium</i>. Inoculants mitigate the adverse effects of fungal infestation on corn silage quality by changing the bacterial and fungal communities.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/10/699corn silagemicrobial communityfungi infestationmycotoxins |
| spellingShingle | Jinyang Li Wenbo Wang Sifan Chen Tao Shao Xuxiong Tao Xianjun Yuan Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Fermentation Quality and Mycotoxins Concentrations of Corn Silage Infested with Mycotoxigenic Fungi Toxins corn silage microbial community fungi infestation mycotoxins |
| title | Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Fermentation Quality and Mycotoxins Concentrations of Corn Silage Infested with Mycotoxigenic Fungi |
| title_full | Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Fermentation Quality and Mycotoxins Concentrations of Corn Silage Infested with Mycotoxigenic Fungi |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Fermentation Quality and Mycotoxins Concentrations of Corn Silage Infested with Mycotoxigenic Fungi |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Fermentation Quality and Mycotoxins Concentrations of Corn Silage Infested with Mycotoxigenic Fungi |
| title_short | Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Fermentation Quality and Mycotoxins Concentrations of Corn Silage Infested with Mycotoxigenic Fungi |
| title_sort | effect of lactic acid bacteria on the fermentation quality and mycotoxins concentrations of corn silage infested with mycotoxigenic fungi |
| topic | corn silage microbial community fungi infestation mycotoxins |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/10/699 |
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