A Proposed Concept for Defective Mitophagy Leading to Late Stage Ineffective Erythropoiesis in Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency
Pyruvate kinase deficiency (PKD) is a rare congenital hemolytic anemia caused by mutations in the PKLR gene. Here, we review pathophysiological aspects of PKD, focusing on the interplay between pyruvate kinase (PK)-activity and reticulocyte maturation in the light of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent p...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Physiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2020.609103/full |
| _version_ | 1819283184370581504 |
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| author | Annelies Johanna van Vuren Eduard Johannes van Beers Richard van Wijk |
| author_facet | Annelies Johanna van Vuren Eduard Johannes van Beers Richard van Wijk |
| author_sort | Annelies Johanna van Vuren |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Pyruvate kinase deficiency (PKD) is a rare congenital hemolytic anemia caused by mutations in the PKLR gene. Here, we review pathophysiological aspects of PKD, focusing on the interplay between pyruvate kinase (PK)-activity and reticulocyte maturation in the light of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent process of regulated cell death, and in particular its key player glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). GPX4 plays an important role in mitophagy, the key step of peripheral reticulocyte maturation and GPX4 deficiency in reticulocytes results in a failure to fully mature. Mitophagy depends on lipid oxidation, which is under physiological conditions controlled by GPX4. Lack of GPX4 leads to uncontrolled auto-oxidation, which will disrupt autophagosome maturation and thereby perturb mitophagy. Based on our review, we propose a model for disturbed red cell maturation in PKD. A relative GPX4 deficiency occurs due to glutathione (GSH) depletion, as cytosolic L-glutamine is preferentially used in the form of α-ketoglutarate as fuel for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle at the expense of GSH production. The relative GPX4 deficiency will perturb mitophagy and, subsequently, results in failure of reticulocyte maturation, which can be defined as late stage ineffective erythropoiesis. Our hypothesis provides a starting point for future research into new therapeutic possibilities, which have the ability to correct the oxidative imbalance due to lack of GPX4. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-24T01:27:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b3418f22378f45c28e28e16709feecf7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-042X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-24T01:27:27Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Physiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-b3418f22378f45c28e28e16709feecf72022-12-21T17:22:27ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Physiology1664-042X2021-01-011110.3389/fphys.2020.609103609103A Proposed Concept for Defective Mitophagy Leading to Late Stage Ineffective Erythropoiesis in Pyruvate Kinase DeficiencyAnnelies Johanna van Vuren0Eduard Johannes van Beers1Richard van Wijk2Van Creveldkliniek, Division of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, NetherlandsVan Creveldkliniek, Division of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, NetherlandsCentral Diagnostic Laboratory-Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, NetherlandsPyruvate kinase deficiency (PKD) is a rare congenital hemolytic anemia caused by mutations in the PKLR gene. Here, we review pathophysiological aspects of PKD, focusing on the interplay between pyruvate kinase (PK)-activity and reticulocyte maturation in the light of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent process of regulated cell death, and in particular its key player glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). GPX4 plays an important role in mitophagy, the key step of peripheral reticulocyte maturation and GPX4 deficiency in reticulocytes results in a failure to fully mature. Mitophagy depends on lipid oxidation, which is under physiological conditions controlled by GPX4. Lack of GPX4 leads to uncontrolled auto-oxidation, which will disrupt autophagosome maturation and thereby perturb mitophagy. Based on our review, we propose a model for disturbed red cell maturation in PKD. A relative GPX4 deficiency occurs due to glutathione (GSH) depletion, as cytosolic L-glutamine is preferentially used in the form of α-ketoglutarate as fuel for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle at the expense of GSH production. The relative GPX4 deficiency will perturb mitophagy and, subsequently, results in failure of reticulocyte maturation, which can be defined as late stage ineffective erythropoiesis. Our hypothesis provides a starting point for future research into new therapeutic possibilities, which have the ability to correct the oxidative imbalance due to lack of GPX4.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2020.609103/fullreticulocytespyruvate kinase deficiencyferroptosismitophagyGPX4 |
| spellingShingle | Annelies Johanna van Vuren Eduard Johannes van Beers Richard van Wijk A Proposed Concept for Defective Mitophagy Leading to Late Stage Ineffective Erythropoiesis in Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency Frontiers in Physiology reticulocytes pyruvate kinase deficiency ferroptosis mitophagy GPX4 |
| title | A Proposed Concept for Defective Mitophagy Leading to Late Stage Ineffective Erythropoiesis in Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency |
| title_full | A Proposed Concept for Defective Mitophagy Leading to Late Stage Ineffective Erythropoiesis in Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency |
| title_fullStr | A Proposed Concept for Defective Mitophagy Leading to Late Stage Ineffective Erythropoiesis in Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Proposed Concept for Defective Mitophagy Leading to Late Stage Ineffective Erythropoiesis in Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency |
| title_short | A Proposed Concept for Defective Mitophagy Leading to Late Stage Ineffective Erythropoiesis in Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency |
| title_sort | proposed concept for defective mitophagy leading to late stage ineffective erythropoiesis in pyruvate kinase deficiency |
| topic | reticulocytes pyruvate kinase deficiency ferroptosis mitophagy GPX4 |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2020.609103/full |
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