Static Positioning under Tree Canopy Using Low-Cost GNSS Receivers and Adapted RTKLIB Software
The decrease in costs and dimensions of GNSS receivers has enabled their adoption for a very wide range of users. Formerly mediocre positioning performance is benefiting from recent technology advances, namely the adoption of multi-constellation, multi-frequency receivers. In our study, we evaluate...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/3136 |
| _version_ | 1797609081839550464 |
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| author | Julián Tomaštík Tim Everett |
| author_facet | Julián Tomaštík Tim Everett |
| author_sort | Julián Tomaštík |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The decrease in costs and dimensions of GNSS receivers has enabled their adoption for a very wide range of users. Formerly mediocre positioning performance is benefiting from recent technology advances, namely the adoption of multi-constellation, multi-frequency receivers. In our study, we evaluate signal characteristics and horizontal accuracies achievable with two low-cost receivers—a Google Pixel 5 smartphone and a u-Blox ZED F9P standalone receiver. The considered conditions include open area with nearly optimal signal reception, but also locations with differing amounts of tree canopy. GNSS data were acquired using ten 20 min observations under leaf-on and leaf-off conditions. Post-processing in static mode was conducted using the Demo5 fork of the RTKLIB open source software, which is adapted for usage with lower quality measurement data. The F9P receiver provided consistent results with sub-decimeter median horizontal errors even under tree canopy. The errors for the Pixel 5 smartphone were under 0.5 m under open-sky conditions and around 1.5 m under vegetation canopy. The adaptation of the post-processing software to lower quality data was proven crucial, especially for the smartphone. In terms of signal quality (carrier-to-noise density, multipath), the standalone receiver provided significantly better data than the smartphone. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:56:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b351004cbca94ef8ab2225a20a31d996 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:56:31Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-b351004cbca94ef8ab2225a20a31d9962023-11-17T13:46:28ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-03-01236313610.3390/s23063136Static Positioning under Tree Canopy Using Low-Cost GNSS Receivers and Adapted RTKLIB SoftwareJulián Tomaštík0Tim Everett1Department of Forest Resources Planning and Informatics, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, 960 01 Zvolen, SlovakiaRTK Consultants LLC, Niwot, CO 80503, USAThe decrease in costs and dimensions of GNSS receivers has enabled their adoption for a very wide range of users. Formerly mediocre positioning performance is benefiting from recent technology advances, namely the adoption of multi-constellation, multi-frequency receivers. In our study, we evaluate signal characteristics and horizontal accuracies achievable with two low-cost receivers—a Google Pixel 5 smartphone and a u-Blox ZED F9P standalone receiver. The considered conditions include open area with nearly optimal signal reception, but also locations with differing amounts of tree canopy. GNSS data were acquired using ten 20 min observations under leaf-on and leaf-off conditions. Post-processing in static mode was conducted using the Demo5 fork of the RTKLIB open source software, which is adapted for usage with lower quality measurement data. The F9P receiver provided consistent results with sub-decimeter median horizontal errors even under tree canopy. The errors for the Pixel 5 smartphone were under 0.5 m under open-sky conditions and around 1.5 m under vegetation canopy. The adaptation of the post-processing software to lower quality data was proven crucial, especially for the smartphone. In terms of signal quality (carrier-to-noise density, multipath), the standalone receiver provided significantly better data than the smartphone.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/3136smartphonelow-cost GNSS receivershorizontal accuracyraw GNSS datavegetation coverRTKLIB |
| spellingShingle | Julián Tomaštík Tim Everett Static Positioning under Tree Canopy Using Low-Cost GNSS Receivers and Adapted RTKLIB Software Sensors smartphone low-cost GNSS receivers horizontal accuracy raw GNSS data vegetation cover RTKLIB |
| title | Static Positioning under Tree Canopy Using Low-Cost GNSS Receivers and Adapted RTKLIB Software |
| title_full | Static Positioning under Tree Canopy Using Low-Cost GNSS Receivers and Adapted RTKLIB Software |
| title_fullStr | Static Positioning under Tree Canopy Using Low-Cost GNSS Receivers and Adapted RTKLIB Software |
| title_full_unstemmed | Static Positioning under Tree Canopy Using Low-Cost GNSS Receivers and Adapted RTKLIB Software |
| title_short | Static Positioning under Tree Canopy Using Low-Cost GNSS Receivers and Adapted RTKLIB Software |
| title_sort | static positioning under tree canopy using low cost gnss receivers and adapted rtklib software |
| topic | smartphone low-cost GNSS receivers horizontal accuracy raw GNSS data vegetation cover RTKLIB |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/3136 |
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