A High-Resolution Reflective Microwave Planar Sensor for Sensing of Vanadium Electrolyte
Microwave planar sensors employ conventional passive complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) as their sensitive region. In this work, a novel planar reflective sensor is introduced that deploys CSRRs as the front-end sensing element at <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3759 |
| _version_ | 1797532211273007104 |
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| author | Nazli Kazemi Kalvin Schofield Petr Musilek |
| author_facet | Nazli Kazemi Kalvin Schofield Petr Musilek |
| author_sort | Nazli Kazemi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Microwave planar sensors employ conventional passive complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) as their sensitive region. In this work, a novel planar reflective sensor is introduced that deploys CSRRs as the front-end sensing element at <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mi>res</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>6</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> GHz with an extra loss-compensating negative resistance that restores the dissipated power in the sensor that is used in dielectric material characterization. It is shown that the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>S</mi><mn>11</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> notch of −15 dB can be improved down to −40 dB without loss of sensitivity. An application of this design is shown in discriminating different states of vanadium redox solutions with highly lossy conditions of fully charged <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mrow><mn>5</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> and fully discharged <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> electrolytes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:55:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b36f1677d2ac4f198257cc9936123c83 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:55:55Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-b36f1677d2ac4f198257cc9936123c832023-11-21T21:52:53ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-05-012111375910.3390/s21113759A High-Resolution Reflective Microwave Planar Sensor for Sensing of Vanadium ElectrolyteNazli Kazemi0Kalvin Schofield1Petr Musilek2Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, CanadaElectrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, CanadaElectrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, CanadaMicrowave planar sensors employ conventional passive complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) as their sensitive region. In this work, a novel planar reflective sensor is introduced that deploys CSRRs as the front-end sensing element at <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mi>res</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>6</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> GHz with an extra loss-compensating negative resistance that restores the dissipated power in the sensor that is used in dielectric material characterization. It is shown that the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>S</mi><mn>11</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> notch of −15 dB can be improved down to −40 dB without loss of sensitivity. An application of this design is shown in discriminating different states of vanadium redox solutions with highly lossy conditions of fully charged <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mrow><mn>5</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> and fully discharged <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> electrolytes.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3759microwave sensornegative resistancevanadium redox flow batteriesreflective sensor |
| spellingShingle | Nazli Kazemi Kalvin Schofield Petr Musilek A High-Resolution Reflective Microwave Planar Sensor for Sensing of Vanadium Electrolyte Sensors microwave sensor negative resistance vanadium redox flow batteries reflective sensor |
| title | A High-Resolution Reflective Microwave Planar Sensor for Sensing of Vanadium Electrolyte |
| title_full | A High-Resolution Reflective Microwave Planar Sensor for Sensing of Vanadium Electrolyte |
| title_fullStr | A High-Resolution Reflective Microwave Planar Sensor for Sensing of Vanadium Electrolyte |
| title_full_unstemmed | A High-Resolution Reflective Microwave Planar Sensor for Sensing of Vanadium Electrolyte |
| title_short | A High-Resolution Reflective Microwave Planar Sensor for Sensing of Vanadium Electrolyte |
| title_sort | high resolution reflective microwave planar sensor for sensing of vanadium electrolyte |
| topic | microwave sensor negative resistance vanadium redox flow batteries reflective sensor |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3759 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nazlikazemi ahighresolutionreflectivemicrowaveplanarsensorforsensingofvanadiumelectrolyte AT kalvinschofield ahighresolutionreflectivemicrowaveplanarsensorforsensingofvanadiumelectrolyte AT petrmusilek ahighresolutionreflectivemicrowaveplanarsensorforsensingofvanadiumelectrolyte AT nazlikazemi highresolutionreflectivemicrowaveplanarsensorforsensingofvanadiumelectrolyte AT kalvinschofield highresolutionreflectivemicrowaveplanarsensorforsensingofvanadiumelectrolyte AT petrmusilek highresolutionreflectivemicrowaveplanarsensorforsensingofvanadiumelectrolyte |