Immune Landscape of Thyroid Cancers: New Insights
Immune system plays a key role in cancer prevention as well as in its initiation and progression. During multistep development of tumors, cells must acquire the capability to evade immune destruction. Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that thyroid tumor cells can avoid immune response by prom...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Endocrinology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2020.637826/full |
| _version_ | 1818617628900458496 |
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| author | Elisa Menicali Martina Guzzetti Silvia Morelli Sonia Moretti Efisio Puxeddu |
| author_facet | Elisa Menicali Martina Guzzetti Silvia Morelli Sonia Moretti Efisio Puxeddu |
| author_sort | Elisa Menicali |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Immune system plays a key role in cancer prevention as well as in its initiation and progression. During multistep development of tumors, cells must acquire the capability to evade immune destruction. Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that thyroid tumor cells can avoid immune response by promoting an immunosuppressive microenvironment. The recruitment of immunosuppressive cells such as TAMs (tumor-associated macrophages), TAMCs (tumor-associated mast cells), MDSC (myeloid-derived suppressor cells), TANs (tumor-associated neutrophils) and Tregs (regulatory T cells) and/or the expression of negative immune checkpoints, like PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1), CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4), and/or immunosuppressive enzymes, as IDO1 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1), are just some of the mechanisms that thyroid cancer cells exploit to escape immune destruction. Some authors systematically characterized immune cell populations and soluble mediators (chemokines, cytokines, and angiogenic factors) that constitute thyroid cancer microenvironment. Their purpose was to verify immune system involvement in cancer growth and progression, highlighting the differences in immune infiltrate among tumor histotypes. More recently, some authors have provided a more comprehensive view of the relationships between tumor and immune system involved in thyroid carcinogenesis. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) delivered a large amount of data that allowed to combine information on the inflammatory microenvironment with gene expression data, genetic and clinical-pathological characteristics, and differentiation degree of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Moreover, using a new sensitive and highly multiplex analysis, the NanoString Technology, it was possible to divide thyroid tumors in two main clusters based on expression of immune-related genes. Starting from these results, the authors performed an immune phenotype analysis that allowed to classify thyroid cancers in hot, cold, or intermediate depending on immune infiltration patterns of the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive and updated view of the knowledge on immune landscape of thyroid tumors. Understanding interactions between tumor and microenvironment is crucial to effectively direct immunotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of thyroid cancer, particularly for those not responsive to conventional therapies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-16T17:08:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b3a622aa4dd3453a9e23a69cd79d0bb0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-2392 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-16T17:08:44Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Endocrinology |
| spelling | doaj.art-b3a622aa4dd3453a9e23a69cd79d0bb02022-12-21T22:23:29ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Endocrinology1664-23922021-04-011110.3389/fendo.2020.637826637826Immune Landscape of Thyroid Cancers: New InsightsElisa MenicaliMartina GuzzettiSilvia MorelliSonia MorettiEfisio PuxedduImmune system plays a key role in cancer prevention as well as in its initiation and progression. During multistep development of tumors, cells must acquire the capability to evade immune destruction. Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that thyroid tumor cells can avoid immune response by promoting an immunosuppressive microenvironment. The recruitment of immunosuppressive cells such as TAMs (tumor-associated macrophages), TAMCs (tumor-associated mast cells), MDSC (myeloid-derived suppressor cells), TANs (tumor-associated neutrophils) and Tregs (regulatory T cells) and/or the expression of negative immune checkpoints, like PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1), CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4), and/or immunosuppressive enzymes, as IDO1 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1), are just some of the mechanisms that thyroid cancer cells exploit to escape immune destruction. Some authors systematically characterized immune cell populations and soluble mediators (chemokines, cytokines, and angiogenic factors) that constitute thyroid cancer microenvironment. Their purpose was to verify immune system involvement in cancer growth and progression, highlighting the differences in immune infiltrate among tumor histotypes. More recently, some authors have provided a more comprehensive view of the relationships between tumor and immune system involved in thyroid carcinogenesis. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) delivered a large amount of data that allowed to combine information on the inflammatory microenvironment with gene expression data, genetic and clinical-pathological characteristics, and differentiation degree of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Moreover, using a new sensitive and highly multiplex analysis, the NanoString Technology, it was possible to divide thyroid tumors in two main clusters based on expression of immune-related genes. Starting from these results, the authors performed an immune phenotype analysis that allowed to classify thyroid cancers in hot, cold, or intermediate depending on immune infiltration patterns of the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive and updated view of the knowledge on immune landscape of thyroid tumors. Understanding interactions between tumor and microenvironment is crucial to effectively direct immunotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of thyroid cancer, particularly for those not responsive to conventional therapies.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2020.637826/fullthyroid cancertumor microenvironment (TME)TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas)immunoscoreimmune phenotypeimmunotherapy |
| spellingShingle | Elisa Menicali Martina Guzzetti Silvia Morelli Sonia Moretti Efisio Puxeddu Immune Landscape of Thyroid Cancers: New Insights Frontiers in Endocrinology thyroid cancer tumor microenvironment (TME) TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) immunoscore immune phenotype immunotherapy |
| title | Immune Landscape of Thyroid Cancers: New Insights |
| title_full | Immune Landscape of Thyroid Cancers: New Insights |
| title_fullStr | Immune Landscape of Thyroid Cancers: New Insights |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immune Landscape of Thyroid Cancers: New Insights |
| title_short | Immune Landscape of Thyroid Cancers: New Insights |
| title_sort | immune landscape of thyroid cancers new insights |
| topic | thyroid cancer tumor microenvironment (TME) TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) immunoscore immune phenotype immunotherapy |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2020.637826/full |
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