Monitoring of Soil Nutrient Levels by an EC Sensor during Spring Onion (<i>Allium fistulosum</i>) Cultivation under Different Fertilizer Treatments
Balanced nutrients are essential for healthy plant growth, but there is no sensor available to monitor essential nutrients such as N and K. Electrical conductivity (EC) is one of the key parameters that could be adopted to monitor nutrient contents because soil EC is influenced by the available nutr...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-08-01
|
| Series: | Agronomy |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/8/2156 |
| _version_ | 1797585840577183744 |
|---|---|
| author | Govind Dnyandev Vyavahare Yejin Lee Yeong Ju Seok Han Na Kim Jwakyung Sung Jin Hee Park |
| author_facet | Govind Dnyandev Vyavahare Yejin Lee Yeong Ju Seok Han Na Kim Jwakyung Sung Jin Hee Park |
| author_sort | Govind Dnyandev Vyavahare |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Balanced nutrients are essential for healthy plant growth, but there is no sensor available to monitor essential nutrients such as N and K. Electrical conductivity (EC) is one of the key parameters that could be adopted to monitor nutrient contents because soil EC is influenced by the available nutrients. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to examine the effects of different basal fertilizers, including inorganic, organic, and compost fertilizers, and the application ratio of basal and additional fertilizers on nutrient contents with an EC sensor. The applied basal and additional fertilizer ratios were N 30:70, K 40:60, and N 20:80, K 20:80, respectively, for each fertilizer treatment. The results showed that the EC sensor value was positively associated with water content. The soil EC response increased with inorganic fertilizer and fertigation, and it was positively correlated with soluble nutrients and exchangeable ammonium. The correlation coefficients between sensor EC and soluble nutrients, nitrate, and ammonium nitrogen were 0.87, 0.86, and 0.65, respectively. The principal component analysis (PCA) also elucidated that inorganic fertilizer was positively associated with sensor EC, soluble Na, Ca, Mg, and nitrate among variables. This work suggests that soil available nutrients, especially N, could be monitored with an EC sensor, and the soil nutrient status could be regulated to promote better plant growth. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:11:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b3ad8b1dadcc452386f212b7dde39667 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:11:48Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-b3ad8b1dadcc452386f212b7dde396672023-11-18T23:55:46ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952023-08-01138215610.3390/agronomy13082156Monitoring of Soil Nutrient Levels by an EC Sensor during Spring Onion (<i>Allium fistulosum</i>) Cultivation under Different Fertilizer TreatmentsGovind Dnyandev Vyavahare0Yejin Lee1Yeong Ju Seok2Han Na Kim3Jwakyung Sung4Jin Hee Park5Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of KoreaSoil and Fertilizer Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of KoreaBalanced nutrients are essential for healthy plant growth, but there is no sensor available to monitor essential nutrients such as N and K. Electrical conductivity (EC) is one of the key parameters that could be adopted to monitor nutrient contents because soil EC is influenced by the available nutrients. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to examine the effects of different basal fertilizers, including inorganic, organic, and compost fertilizers, and the application ratio of basal and additional fertilizers on nutrient contents with an EC sensor. The applied basal and additional fertilizer ratios were N 30:70, K 40:60, and N 20:80, K 20:80, respectively, for each fertilizer treatment. The results showed that the EC sensor value was positively associated with water content. The soil EC response increased with inorganic fertilizer and fertigation, and it was positively correlated with soluble nutrients and exchangeable ammonium. The correlation coefficients between sensor EC and soluble nutrients, nitrate, and ammonium nitrogen were 0.87, 0.86, and 0.65, respectively. The principal component analysis (PCA) also elucidated that inorganic fertilizer was positively associated with sensor EC, soluble Na, Ca, Mg, and nitrate among variables. This work suggests that soil available nutrients, especially N, could be monitored with an EC sensor, and the soil nutrient status could be regulated to promote better plant growth.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/8/2156smart farmelectrical conductivityfertigationnutrient managementcorrelation |
| spellingShingle | Govind Dnyandev Vyavahare Yejin Lee Yeong Ju Seok Han Na Kim Jwakyung Sung Jin Hee Park Monitoring of Soil Nutrient Levels by an EC Sensor during Spring Onion (<i>Allium fistulosum</i>) Cultivation under Different Fertilizer Treatments Agronomy smart farm electrical conductivity fertigation nutrient management correlation |
| title | Monitoring of Soil Nutrient Levels by an EC Sensor during Spring Onion (<i>Allium fistulosum</i>) Cultivation under Different Fertilizer Treatments |
| title_full | Monitoring of Soil Nutrient Levels by an EC Sensor during Spring Onion (<i>Allium fistulosum</i>) Cultivation under Different Fertilizer Treatments |
| title_fullStr | Monitoring of Soil Nutrient Levels by an EC Sensor during Spring Onion (<i>Allium fistulosum</i>) Cultivation under Different Fertilizer Treatments |
| title_full_unstemmed | Monitoring of Soil Nutrient Levels by an EC Sensor during Spring Onion (<i>Allium fistulosum</i>) Cultivation under Different Fertilizer Treatments |
| title_short | Monitoring of Soil Nutrient Levels by an EC Sensor during Spring Onion (<i>Allium fistulosum</i>) Cultivation under Different Fertilizer Treatments |
| title_sort | monitoring of soil nutrient levels by an ec sensor during spring onion i allium fistulosum i cultivation under different fertilizer treatments |
| topic | smart farm electrical conductivity fertigation nutrient management correlation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/8/2156 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT govinddnyandevvyavahare monitoringofsoilnutrientlevelsbyanecsensorduringspringonionialliumfistulosumicultivationunderdifferentfertilizertreatments AT yejinlee monitoringofsoilnutrientlevelsbyanecsensorduringspringonionialliumfistulosumicultivationunderdifferentfertilizertreatments AT yeongjuseok monitoringofsoilnutrientlevelsbyanecsensorduringspringonionialliumfistulosumicultivationunderdifferentfertilizertreatments AT hannakim monitoringofsoilnutrientlevelsbyanecsensorduringspringonionialliumfistulosumicultivationunderdifferentfertilizertreatments AT jwakyungsung monitoringofsoilnutrientlevelsbyanecsensorduringspringonionialliumfistulosumicultivationunderdifferentfertilizertreatments AT jinheepark monitoringofsoilnutrientlevelsbyanecsensorduringspringonionialliumfistulosumicultivationunderdifferentfertilizertreatments |