SARS-CoV-2 Disease through Viral Genomic and Receptor Implications: An Overview of Diagnostic and Immunology Breakthroughs
The SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), which is believed to have originated in China towards the end of November 2019, has now spread across the globe, causing a pandemic in 192 countries. The World Health Organization has called it the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Rapid dissemina...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/4/793 |
| _version_ | 1827695438030962688 |
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| author | Alessio Danilo Inchingolo Angelo Michele Inchingolo Ioana Roxana Bordea Giuseppina Malcangi Edit Xhajanka Antonio Scarano Felice Lorusso Marco Farronato Gianluca Martino Tartaglia Ciro Gargiulo Isacco Grazia Marinelli Maria Teresa D’Oria Denisa Hazballa Luigi Santacroce Andrea Ballini Maria Contaldo Francesco Inchingolo Gianna Dipalma |
| author_facet | Alessio Danilo Inchingolo Angelo Michele Inchingolo Ioana Roxana Bordea Giuseppina Malcangi Edit Xhajanka Antonio Scarano Felice Lorusso Marco Farronato Gianluca Martino Tartaglia Ciro Gargiulo Isacco Grazia Marinelli Maria Teresa D’Oria Denisa Hazballa Luigi Santacroce Andrea Ballini Maria Contaldo Francesco Inchingolo Gianna Dipalma |
| author_sort | Alessio Danilo Inchingolo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), which is believed to have originated in China towards the end of November 2019, has now spread across the globe, causing a pandemic in 192 countries. The World Health Organization has called it the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Rapid dissemination of the virus occurs mainly through the saliva (Flügge’s droplets) and aerosol, together with nasal and lachrymal passages. The literature associated with the recent advancement in terms of rapid diagnostics and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines has thoroughly studied the role of ACE2 receptors and Furin, as well as viral agent access into the host cell and its significant persistence at the level of the oral mucosa, which represents the main access to the virus. The purpose of this review was to underline the processes of SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and novel breakthroughs in diagnostics and vaccines. Different technologies, such as the RT-PCR molecular test and the antigenic test, have been developed to identify subjects affected by the SARS-CoV-2 in order to improve the tracking of infection geographical diffusion. Novel rapid and highly sensitive diagnostic tests has been proposed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 to improve the screening capability of suspected contagions. The strengthening of the vaccination campaign represents the most effective means to combat the SARS-CoV-2 infection and prevent severe manifestations of the virus—different classes of vaccines have been developed for this purpose. Further attention on the novel SARS-CoV-2 variant is necessary in order to verify the protection efficacy and virulence reduction of the infective agent in the recent vaccine campaign. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:27:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b3da48cc354d469499a3b6c3c5189e6a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:27:19Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-b3da48cc354d469499a3b6c3c5189e6a2023-11-21T14:59:30ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072021-04-019479310.3390/microorganisms9040793SARS-CoV-2 Disease through Viral Genomic and Receptor Implications: An Overview of Diagnostic and Immunology BreakthroughsAlessio Danilo Inchingolo0Angelo Michele Inchingolo1Ioana Roxana Bordea2Giuseppina Malcangi3Edit Xhajanka4Antonio Scarano5Felice Lorusso6Marco Farronato7Gianluca Martino Tartaglia8Ciro Gargiulo Isacco9Grazia Marinelli10Maria Teresa D’Oria11Denisa Hazballa12Luigi Santacroce13Andrea Ballini14Maria Contaldo15Francesco Inchingolo16Gianna Dipalma17Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, ItalyDepartment of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, ItalyDepartment of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaDepartment of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, ItalyDepartment of Dental Prosthesis, Medical University of Tirana, Rruga e Dibrës, U.M.T., 1001 Tirana, AlbaniaDepartment of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, ItalyDepartment of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, ItalyUOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, ItalyUOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, ItalyDepartment of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, ItalyDepartment of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, ItalyDepartment of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, ItalyDepartment of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, ItalyDepartment of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Campus Universitario Ernesto Quagliariello, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, ItalyMultidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Luigi de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, ItalyDepartment of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, ItalyThe SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), which is believed to have originated in China towards the end of November 2019, has now spread across the globe, causing a pandemic in 192 countries. The World Health Organization has called it the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Rapid dissemination of the virus occurs mainly through the saliva (Flügge’s droplets) and aerosol, together with nasal and lachrymal passages. The literature associated with the recent advancement in terms of rapid diagnostics and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines has thoroughly studied the role of ACE2 receptors and Furin, as well as viral agent access into the host cell and its significant persistence at the level of the oral mucosa, which represents the main access to the virus. The purpose of this review was to underline the processes of SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and novel breakthroughs in diagnostics and vaccines. Different technologies, such as the RT-PCR molecular test and the antigenic test, have been developed to identify subjects affected by the SARS-CoV-2 in order to improve the tracking of infection geographical diffusion. Novel rapid and highly sensitive diagnostic tests has been proposed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 to improve the screening capability of suspected contagions. The strengthening of the vaccination campaign represents the most effective means to combat the SARS-CoV-2 infection and prevent severe manifestations of the virus—different classes of vaccines have been developed for this purpose. Further attention on the novel SARS-CoV-2 variant is necessary in order to verify the protection efficacy and virulence reduction of the infective agent in the recent vaccine campaign.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/4/793SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 pandemic)ACE2TMPRSS2oral mucosa (salivary glands)furinCytokine Storm Syndrome (CSS) |
| spellingShingle | Alessio Danilo Inchingolo Angelo Michele Inchingolo Ioana Roxana Bordea Giuseppina Malcangi Edit Xhajanka Antonio Scarano Felice Lorusso Marco Farronato Gianluca Martino Tartaglia Ciro Gargiulo Isacco Grazia Marinelli Maria Teresa D’Oria Denisa Hazballa Luigi Santacroce Andrea Ballini Maria Contaldo Francesco Inchingolo Gianna Dipalma SARS-CoV-2 Disease through Viral Genomic and Receptor Implications: An Overview of Diagnostic and Immunology Breakthroughs Microorganisms SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 pandemic) ACE2 TMPRSS2 oral mucosa (salivary glands) furin Cytokine Storm Syndrome (CSS) |
| title | SARS-CoV-2 Disease through Viral Genomic and Receptor Implications: An Overview of Diagnostic and Immunology Breakthroughs |
| title_full | SARS-CoV-2 Disease through Viral Genomic and Receptor Implications: An Overview of Diagnostic and Immunology Breakthroughs |
| title_fullStr | SARS-CoV-2 Disease through Viral Genomic and Receptor Implications: An Overview of Diagnostic and Immunology Breakthroughs |
| title_full_unstemmed | SARS-CoV-2 Disease through Viral Genomic and Receptor Implications: An Overview of Diagnostic and Immunology Breakthroughs |
| title_short | SARS-CoV-2 Disease through Viral Genomic and Receptor Implications: An Overview of Diagnostic and Immunology Breakthroughs |
| title_sort | sars cov 2 disease through viral genomic and receptor implications an overview of diagnostic and immunology breakthroughs |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 pandemic) ACE2 TMPRSS2 oral mucosa (salivary glands) furin Cytokine Storm Syndrome (CSS) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/4/793 |
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