Epidemiological, Pathophysiological, and Clinical Considerations on the Interplay between Thyroid Disorders and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Thyroid disorders (TD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are the two endocrinopathies with the highest prevalence in the general population that frequently coexist. Thyroid dysfunction is more common in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared to normoglycemic individuals. Untreated TD can impa...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Medicina |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/11/2013 |
| _version_ | 1827639365659000832 |
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| author | Gregory Grigoriadis Theocharis Koufakis Kalliopi Kotsa |
| author_facet | Gregory Grigoriadis Theocharis Koufakis Kalliopi Kotsa |
| author_sort | Gregory Grigoriadis |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Thyroid disorders (TD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are the two endocrinopathies with the highest prevalence in the general population that frequently coexist. Thyroid dysfunction is more common in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared to normoglycemic individuals. Untreated TD can impair glycemic control, increasing the risk of diabetes complications. Hyperinsulinemia can affect the morphology of the thyroid gland by promoting the proliferation of thyroid tissue and increasing the size of thyroid nodules. Metformin can confer benefits in both endocrinopathies, while other antidiabetics, such as sulfonylureas, can negatively affect thyroid function. Animal and human observational data suggest an increased risk of medullary thyroid carcinoma after treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. However, randomized trials have so far been reassuring. Furthermore, some observational studies suggest an association between thyroid cancer and T2DM, especially in women. This narrative review aims to shed light on the epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical aspects of the interplay between TD and T2DM. Taking into account the important clinical implications of the coexistence of T2DM and TD, proper screening and management strategies are needed for both endocrinopathies to ensure optimal patient care. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:37:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b3ed33b22bf847d08a8f4f2abeb818d8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1010-660X 1648-9144 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:37:28Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Medicina |
| spelling | doaj.art-b3ed33b22bf847d08a8f4f2abeb818d82023-11-24T14:55:02ZengMDPI AGMedicina1010-660X1648-91442023-11-015911201310.3390/medicina59112013Epidemiological, Pathophysiological, and Clinical Considerations on the Interplay between Thyroid Disorders and Type 2 Diabetes MellitusGregory Grigoriadis0Theocharis Koufakis1Kalliopi Kotsa2Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceSecond Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, GreeceDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, GreeceThyroid disorders (TD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are the two endocrinopathies with the highest prevalence in the general population that frequently coexist. Thyroid dysfunction is more common in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared to normoglycemic individuals. Untreated TD can impair glycemic control, increasing the risk of diabetes complications. Hyperinsulinemia can affect the morphology of the thyroid gland by promoting the proliferation of thyroid tissue and increasing the size of thyroid nodules. Metformin can confer benefits in both endocrinopathies, while other antidiabetics, such as sulfonylureas, can negatively affect thyroid function. Animal and human observational data suggest an increased risk of medullary thyroid carcinoma after treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. However, randomized trials have so far been reassuring. Furthermore, some observational studies suggest an association between thyroid cancer and T2DM, especially in women. This narrative review aims to shed light on the epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical aspects of the interplay between TD and T2DM. Taking into account the important clinical implications of the coexistence of T2DM and TD, proper screening and management strategies are needed for both endocrinopathies to ensure optimal patient care.https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/11/2013type 2 diabetes mellitusinsulin resistancethyroid dysfunctionhyperthyroidismhypothyroidismthyroid cancer |
| spellingShingle | Gregory Grigoriadis Theocharis Koufakis Kalliopi Kotsa Epidemiological, Pathophysiological, and Clinical Considerations on the Interplay between Thyroid Disorders and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Medicina type 2 diabetes mellitus insulin resistance thyroid dysfunction hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism thyroid cancer |
| title | Epidemiological, Pathophysiological, and Clinical Considerations on the Interplay between Thyroid Disorders and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
| title_full | Epidemiological, Pathophysiological, and Clinical Considerations on the Interplay between Thyroid Disorders and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
| title_fullStr | Epidemiological, Pathophysiological, and Clinical Considerations on the Interplay between Thyroid Disorders and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
| title_full_unstemmed | Epidemiological, Pathophysiological, and Clinical Considerations on the Interplay between Thyroid Disorders and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
| title_short | Epidemiological, Pathophysiological, and Clinical Considerations on the Interplay between Thyroid Disorders and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
| title_sort | epidemiological pathophysiological and clinical considerations on the interplay between thyroid disorders and type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| topic | type 2 diabetes mellitus insulin resistance thyroid dysfunction hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism thyroid cancer |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/11/2013 |
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