Wastewater Reclamation in Major Jordanian Industries: A Viable Component of a Circular Economy
Water scarcity remains the major looming challenge that is facing Jordan. Wastewater reclamation is considered as an alternative source of fresh water in semi-arid areas with water shortage or increased consumption. In the present study, the current status of wastewater reclamation and reuse in Jord...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-04-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/5/1276 |
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| author | Motasem N. Saidan Mohammad Al-Addous Radwan A. Al-Weshah Ibrahim Obada Malek Alkasrawi Nesrine Barbana |
| author_facet | Motasem N. Saidan Mohammad Al-Addous Radwan A. Al-Weshah Ibrahim Obada Malek Alkasrawi Nesrine Barbana |
| author_sort | Motasem N. Saidan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Water scarcity remains the major looming challenge that is facing Jordan. Wastewater reclamation is considered as an alternative source of fresh water in semi-arid areas with water shortage or increased consumption. In the present study, the current status of wastewater reclamation and reuse in Jordan was analyzed considering 30 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The assessment was based on the WWWTPs’ treatment processes in Jordan, the flowrates scale, and the effluents’ average total dissolved solid (TDS) contents. Accordingly, 60% of the WWTPs in Jordan used activated sludge as a treatment technology; 30 WWTPs were small scale (<1 × 10<sup>4</sup> m<sup>3</sup>/day); and a total of 17.932 million m<sup>3</sup> treated wastewater had low TDS (<1000 ppm) that generally can be used in industries with relatively minimal cost of treatment. Moreover, the analysis classified the 26 million m<sup>3</sup> groundwater abstraction by major industries in Jordanian governorates. The results showed that the reclaimed wastewater can fully offset the industrial demand of fresh water in Amman, Zarqa, and Aqaba governorates. Hence, the environmental assessment showed positive impacts of reclaimed wastewater reuse scenario in terms of water depletion (saving of 72.55 million m<sup>3</sup> groundwater per year) and climate change (17.683 million kg CO<sub>2Eq</sub> reduction). The energy recovery assessment in the small- and medium-scale WWTPs (<10 × 10<sup>4</sup> m<sup>3</sup>/day) revealed that generation of electricity by anaerobic sludge digestion equates potentially to an offset of 0.11–0.53 kWh/m<sup>3</sup>. Finally, several barriers and prospects were put forth to help the stakeholders when considering entering into an agreement to supply and/or reuse reclaimed water. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:07:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b4075bb6d96c4cacb0e90ee565c18d42 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:07:45Z |
| publishDate | 2020-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-b4075bb6d96c4cacb0e90ee565c18d422023-11-19T23:08:07ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412020-04-01125127610.3390/w12051276Wastewater Reclamation in Major Jordanian Industries: A Viable Component of a Circular EconomyMotasem N. Saidan0Mohammad Al-Addous1Radwan A. Al-Weshah2Ibrahim Obada3Malek Alkasrawi4Nesrine Barbana5Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, JordanDepartment of Energy Engineering, School of Natural Resources Engineering and Management, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, JordanCivil Engineering Department, School of Engineering, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, JordanMinistry of Water and Irrigation, Amman 11181, JordanDepartment of PS & Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, WI 54481, USADepartment of Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, GermanyWater scarcity remains the major looming challenge that is facing Jordan. Wastewater reclamation is considered as an alternative source of fresh water in semi-arid areas with water shortage or increased consumption. In the present study, the current status of wastewater reclamation and reuse in Jordan was analyzed considering 30 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The assessment was based on the WWWTPs’ treatment processes in Jordan, the flowrates scale, and the effluents’ average total dissolved solid (TDS) contents. Accordingly, 60% of the WWTPs in Jordan used activated sludge as a treatment technology; 30 WWTPs were small scale (<1 × 10<sup>4</sup> m<sup>3</sup>/day); and a total of 17.932 million m<sup>3</sup> treated wastewater had low TDS (<1000 ppm) that generally can be used in industries with relatively minimal cost of treatment. Moreover, the analysis classified the 26 million m<sup>3</sup> groundwater abstraction by major industries in Jordanian governorates. The results showed that the reclaimed wastewater can fully offset the industrial demand of fresh water in Amman, Zarqa, and Aqaba governorates. Hence, the environmental assessment showed positive impacts of reclaimed wastewater reuse scenario in terms of water depletion (saving of 72.55 million m<sup>3</sup> groundwater per year) and climate change (17.683 million kg CO<sub>2Eq</sub> reduction). The energy recovery assessment in the small- and medium-scale WWTPs (<10 × 10<sup>4</sup> m<sup>3</sup>/day) revealed that generation of electricity by anaerobic sludge digestion equates potentially to an offset of 0.11–0.53 kWh/m<sup>3</sup>. Finally, several barriers and prospects were put forth to help the stakeholders when considering entering into an agreement to supply and/or reuse reclaimed water.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/5/1276reclaimed watercircular economyanaerobic digestionbiogasreusewater pricing |
| spellingShingle | Motasem N. Saidan Mohammad Al-Addous Radwan A. Al-Weshah Ibrahim Obada Malek Alkasrawi Nesrine Barbana Wastewater Reclamation in Major Jordanian Industries: A Viable Component of a Circular Economy Water reclaimed water circular economy anaerobic digestion biogas reuse water pricing |
| title | Wastewater Reclamation in Major Jordanian Industries: A Viable Component of a Circular Economy |
| title_full | Wastewater Reclamation in Major Jordanian Industries: A Viable Component of a Circular Economy |
| title_fullStr | Wastewater Reclamation in Major Jordanian Industries: A Viable Component of a Circular Economy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wastewater Reclamation in Major Jordanian Industries: A Viable Component of a Circular Economy |
| title_short | Wastewater Reclamation in Major Jordanian Industries: A Viable Component of a Circular Economy |
| title_sort | wastewater reclamation in major jordanian industries a viable component of a circular economy |
| topic | reclaimed water circular economy anaerobic digestion biogas reuse water pricing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/5/1276 |
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