Evaluating the Effects of Environmental Conditions on Sensed Parameters for Green Areas Monitoring and Smart Irrigation Systems
The irrigation of green areas in cities should be managed appropriately to ensure its sustainability. In large cities, not all green areas might be monitored simultaneously, and the data acquisition time can skew the gathered value. Our purpose is to evaluate which parameter has a lower hourly varia...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/2255 |
| _version_ | 1797540243906232320 |
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| author | Pedro V. Mauri Lorena Parra Salima Yousfi Jaime Lloret Jose F. Marin |
| author_facet | Pedro V. Mauri Lorena Parra Salima Yousfi Jaime Lloret Jose F. Marin |
| author_sort | Pedro V. Mauri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The irrigation of green areas in cities should be managed appropriately to ensure its sustainability. In large cities, not all green areas might be monitored simultaneously, and the data acquisition time can skew the gathered value. Our purpose is to evaluate which parameter has a lower hourly variation. We included soil parameters (soil temperature and moisture) and plant parameters (canopy temperature and vegetation indexes). Data were gathered at 5 different hours in 11 different experimental plots with variable irrigation and with different grass composition. The results indicate that soil moisture and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index are the sole parameters not affected by the data acquisition time. For soil moisture, the maximum difference was in experimental plot 4, with values of 21% at 10:45 AM and 27% at 8:45 AM. On the other hand, canopy temperature is the most affected parameter with a mean variation of 15 °C in the morning. The maximum variation was in experimental plot 8 with a 19 °C at 8:45 AM and 39 °C at 12:45 PM. Data acquisition time affected the correlation between soil moisture and canopy temperature. We can affirm that data acquisition time has to be included as a variability source. Finally, our conclusion indicates that it is vital to consider data acquisition time to ensure water distribution for irrigation in cities. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:58:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b42d936e650a4dce8cd62f2816b834b3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:58:22Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-b42d936e650a4dce8cd62f2816b834b32023-11-21T11:44:50ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-03-01216225510.3390/s21062255Evaluating the Effects of Environmental Conditions on Sensed Parameters for Green Areas Monitoring and Smart Irrigation SystemsPedro V. Mauri0Lorena Parra1Salima Yousfi2Jaime Lloret3Jose F. Marin4Instituto Madrileño de Investigación y Desarrollo Rural, Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDRA), Finca “El Encin”, A-2, Km 38, 2, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, SpainInstituto Madrileño de Investigación y Desarrollo Rural, Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDRA), Finca “El Encin”, A-2, Km 38, 2, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, SpainInstituto Madrileño de Investigación y Desarrollo Rural, Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDRA), Finca “El Encin”, A-2, Km 38, 2, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, SpainInstituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras Universitat Politècnica de València, 46730 Valencia, SpainArea Verde MG Projects SL. C/Oña, 43, 28933 Madrid, SpainThe irrigation of green areas in cities should be managed appropriately to ensure its sustainability. In large cities, not all green areas might be monitored simultaneously, and the data acquisition time can skew the gathered value. Our purpose is to evaluate which parameter has a lower hourly variation. We included soil parameters (soil temperature and moisture) and plant parameters (canopy temperature and vegetation indexes). Data were gathered at 5 different hours in 11 different experimental plots with variable irrigation and with different grass composition. The results indicate that soil moisture and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index are the sole parameters not affected by the data acquisition time. For soil moisture, the maximum difference was in experimental plot 4, with values of 21% at 10:45 AM and 27% at 8:45 AM. On the other hand, canopy temperature is the most affected parameter with a mean variation of 15 °C in the morning. The maximum variation was in experimental plot 8 with a 19 °C at 8:45 AM and 39 °C at 12:45 PM. Data acquisition time affected the correlation between soil moisture and canopy temperature. We can affirm that data acquisition time has to be included as a variability source. Finally, our conclusion indicates that it is vital to consider data acquisition time to ensure water distribution for irrigation in cities.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/2255hourly variationcanopy temperaturesoil temperaturesoil moisturevegetation indexesturfgrass monitoring |
| spellingShingle | Pedro V. Mauri Lorena Parra Salima Yousfi Jaime Lloret Jose F. Marin Evaluating the Effects of Environmental Conditions on Sensed Parameters for Green Areas Monitoring and Smart Irrigation Systems Sensors hourly variation canopy temperature soil temperature soil moisture vegetation indexes turfgrass monitoring |
| title | Evaluating the Effects of Environmental Conditions on Sensed Parameters for Green Areas Monitoring and Smart Irrigation Systems |
| title_full | Evaluating the Effects of Environmental Conditions on Sensed Parameters for Green Areas Monitoring and Smart Irrigation Systems |
| title_fullStr | Evaluating the Effects of Environmental Conditions on Sensed Parameters for Green Areas Monitoring and Smart Irrigation Systems |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluating the Effects of Environmental Conditions on Sensed Parameters for Green Areas Monitoring and Smart Irrigation Systems |
| title_short | Evaluating the Effects of Environmental Conditions on Sensed Parameters for Green Areas Monitoring and Smart Irrigation Systems |
| title_sort | evaluating the effects of environmental conditions on sensed parameters for green areas monitoring and smart irrigation systems |
| topic | hourly variation canopy temperature soil temperature soil moisture vegetation indexes turfgrass monitoring |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/2255 |
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